一 事务的属性 事务具有ACID属性 即 Atomic原子性, Consistent一致性, Isolated隔离性, Durable永久性 原子性 就是事务应作为一个工作单元,事务处理完成,所有的工作要么都在数据库中保存下来,要么完全 回滚,全部不保留 一致性 事务完成或者撤销后,都应该
一 事务的属性
事务具有ACID属性
即 Atomic原子性, Consistent一致性, Isolated隔离性, Durable永久性
原子性
就是事务应作为一个工作单元,事务处理完成,所有的工作要么都在数据库中保存下来,香港虚拟主机,要么完全
回滚,全部不保留
一致性
事务完成或者撤销后,都应该处于一致的状态
隔离性
多个事务同时进行,它们之间应该互不干扰.应该防止一个事务处理其他事务也要修改的数据时,香港虚拟主机,
不合理的存取和不完整的读取数据
永久性
事务提交以后,所做的工作就被永久的保存下来
二 事务并发处理会产生的问题
丢失更新
当两个或多个事务选择同一行,然后基于最初选定的值更新该行时,会发生丢失更新问题、
每个事务都不知道其它事务的存在。最后的更新将重写由其它事务所做的更新,这将导致数据丢失。
脏读
当第二个事务选择其它事务正在更新的行时,会发生未确认的相关性问题。
第二个事务正在读取的数据还没有确认并且可能由更新此行的事务所更改。
不可重复读
当第二个事务多次访问同一行而且每次读取不同的数据时,会发生不一致的分析问题。
不一致的分析与未确认的相关性类似,因为其它事务也是正在更改第二个事务正在读取的数据。
然而,在不一致的分析中,第二个事务读取的数据是由已进行了更改的事务提交的。而且,不一致的分析涉及多次(两次或更多)读取同一行,而且每次信息都由其它事务更改;因而该行被非重复读取。
幻像读
当对某行执行插入或删除操作,而该行属于某个事务正在读取的行的范围时,会发生幻像读问题。
事务第一次读的行范围显示出其中一行已不复存在于第二次读或后续读中,因为该行已被其它事务删除。同样,由于其它事务的插入操作,免备案空间,事务的第二次或后续读显示有一行已不存在于原始读中。
三 事务处理类型
自动处理事务
系统默认每个T-SQL命令都是事务处理 由系统自动开始并提交
隐式事务
当有大量的DDL 和DML命令执行时会自动开始,并一直保持到用户明确提交为止,切换隐式事务可以用SET IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS
为连接设置隐性事务模式.当设置为 ON 时,SET IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS 将连接设置为隐性事务模式。当设置为 OFF 时,则使连接返回到自动提交事务模式
用户定义事务
由用户来控制事务的开始和结束 命令有: begin tran 、 commit tran 、 rollback tran 命令
分布式事务
跨越多个服务器的事务称为分布式事务,sql server 可以由DTc microsoft distributed transaction coordinator
来支持处理分布式事务,可以使用 BEgin distributed transaction 命令启动一个分布式事务处理
四 事务处理的隔离级别
使用SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL来控制由连接发出的所有语句的默认事务锁定行为
从低到高依次是
(1)READ UNCOMMITTED
执行脏读或 0 级隔离锁定,这表示不发出共享锁,也不接受排它锁。当设置该选项时,可以对数据执行未提交读或脏读;在事务结束前可以更改数据内的数值,行也可以出现在数据集中或从数据集消失。该选项的作用与在事务内所有语句中的所有表上设置 NOLOCK 相同。这是四个隔离级别中限制最小的级别。
举例

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA

The main role of MySQL in web applications is to store and manage data. 1.MySQL efficiently processes user information, product catalogs, transaction records and other data. 2. Through SQL query, developers can extract information from the database to generate dynamic content. 3.MySQL works based on the client-server model to ensure acceptable query speed.

The steps to build a MySQL database include: 1. Create a database and table, 2. Insert data, and 3. Conduct queries. First, use the CREATEDATABASE and CREATETABLE statements to create the database and table, then use the INSERTINTO statement to insert the data, and finally use the SELECT statement to query the data.

MySQL is suitable for beginners because it is easy to use and powerful. 1.MySQL is a relational database, and uses SQL for CRUD operations. 2. It is simple to install and requires the root user password to be configured. 3. Use INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT to perform data operations. 4. ORDERBY, WHERE and JOIN can be used for complex queries. 5. Debugging requires checking the syntax and use EXPLAIN to analyze the query. 6. Optimization suggestions include using indexes, choosing the right data type and good programming habits.


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