在Oracle 中,对于一个提交的sql语句,存在两种可选的解析过程, 一种叫做硬解析,一种叫做软解析.一个硬解析需要经解析,制定执行路
在Oracle 中,对于一个提交的sql语句,存在两种可选的解析过程, 一种叫做硬解析,一种叫做软解析.
一个硬解析需要经解析,制定执行路径,优化访问计划等许多的步骤.硬解释不仅仅耗费大量的cpu,更重要的是会占据重要的们闩(latch)资源,严重的影响系统的规模的扩大(即限制了系统的并发行), 而且引起的问题不能通过增加内存条和cpu的数量来解决。之所以这样是因为门闩是为了顺序访问以及修改一些内存区域而设置的,,这些内存区域是不能被同时修改。当一个sql语句提交后,oracle会首先检查一下共享缓冲池(shared pool)里有没有与之完全相同的语句,如果有的话只须执行软分析即可,否则就得进行硬分析。
而唯一使得oracle 能够重复利用执行计划的方法就是采用绑定变量。绑定变量的实质就是用于替代sql语句中的常量的替代变量。绑定变量能够使得每次提交的sql语句都完全一样。
1、sql中绑定变量
普通sql语句:
SELECT fname, lname, pcode FROM cust WHERE id = 674;
SELECT fname, lname, pcode FROM cust WHERE id = 234;
SELECT fname, lname, pcode FROM cust WHERE id = 332;
含绑定变量的sql 语句:
SELECT fname, lname, pcode FROM cust WHERE id = :cust_no;
Sql*plus 中使用绑定变量:
sql> variable x number;
sql> exec :x := 123;
sql> SELECT fname, lname, pcode FROM cust WHERE id =:x;
2、pl/sql
pl/sql很多时候都会自动绑定变量而无需编程人员操心,引用变量即是引用绑定变量,即很多你写得sql语句都会自动利用绑定变
量,如下例所示:
create or replace procedure dsal(p_empno in number)
as
begin
update emp
set sal=sal*2
where empno = p_empno;
commit;
end;
/
也许此时你会想要利用绑定变量来替代p_empno,但是这是完全没有必要的,因为在pl/sql中,引用变量即是引用绑定变量。
但当引用的值不是变量(常量或者表达式)且要多次重复执行时,也需要动态绑定变量:
DECLARE
c_temp site%ROWTYPE;
TYPE cursortype IS REF CURSOR;
cur_temp cursortype;
BEGIN
OPEN cur_temp FOR('select * from site where site_id=:1')
USING 91;
LOOP
FETCH cur_temp
INTO c_temp;
EXIT WHEN cur_temp%NOTFOUND;
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'insert into b values (:1)'
USING c_temp.site_id;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur_temp;
COMMIT;
END;

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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