null值是一个很特别的值,既不是0也不是空格.它的值是没有定义,不确定的未知值比如一个案件的追踪表,警方在对犯罪分子一无所知,但
null值
是一个很特别的值,既不是0也不是空格.它的值是没有定义,不确定的未知值
比如一个案件的追踪表,警方在对犯罪分子一无所知,但在犯罪分子性别一栏不是男就是女,只是此时还不确定
就可以把性别栏设置为未知,当案件侦破到一定程度,警方知道了犯罪分子的性别,既从未知变成了已知.也就是由NULL变成男或女
idle> select ename,job,sal,comm from emp where ename in ('SMITH','WARD');
ENAME JOB SAL COMM
---------- --------- ---------- ----------
SMITH CLERK 800
WARD SALESMAN 1250 500
idle>
如上查询结果中 comm 列,一般职员没有奖金,而销售时有奖金的.
这时统计销售人员的薪金就需要加上奖金
idle> select ename,job,sal,comm,sal+comm from emp where ename in ('SMITH','WARD');
ENAME JOB SAL COMM SAL+COMM
---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH CLERK 800
WARD SALESMAN 1250 500 1750
idle>
结果显示 sal + comm为NULL的值 还为NULL
我们再去打印COMM为NULL值的员工工资
idle> select ename,sal from emp where comm = NULL;
no rows selected
idle>
结果却是没有选中
可见,NULL值为未知 不可以参与运算和比较
正确的写法如下:
idle> select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is NULL;
ENAME SAL COMM
---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH 800
JONES 2975
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
SCOTT 3000
KING 5000
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
FORD 3000
MILLER 1300
10 rows selected.
idle>
idle> select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is not NULL;
ENAME SAL COMM
---------- ---------- ----------
ALLEN 1600 300
WARD 1250 500
MARTIN 1250 1400
TURNER 1500 0
idle>
如果要做运算 可以用NVL NVL2 nullif函数先置为0
NVL(表达式1,表达式2)
如果表达式1是NULL,则返回表达式2
如果表达式1非NULL,则返回表达式1
表达式1和表达式2可以是数字,字符串,日期格式,1和2的数据类型必须一致
idle> select ename,job,sal,comm,sal+NVL(comm,0) from emp where ename in ('SMITH','WARD');
ENAME JOB SAL COMM SAL+NVL(COMM,0)
---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
SMITH CLERK 800 800
WARD SALESMAN 1250 500 1750
idle>
NVL2(expr1,expr2,expr3)
如果expr1为空,则返回expr3,否则返回expr2
idle> select ename,job,sal,comm,sal+NVL2(comm,comm,0) from emp where ename in ('SMITH','WARD');
ENAME JOB SAL COMM SAL+NVL2(COMM,COMM,0)
---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------
SMITH CLERK 800 800
WARD SALESMAN 1250 500 1750
idle>
NULLIF(expr1,expr2)
如果expr1和expr2相同,则返回空,否则返回expr1
idle> select ename,NULLIF(ename,'KING') from emp where ename in ('SCOTT','KING');
ENAME NULLIF(ENA
---------- ----------
SCOTT SCOTT
KING
idle>
空值的排序 升序会排在最后 降序排在最前
idle> select ename,sal,comm from emp where ename in ('KING','WARD') order by comm;
ENAME SAL COMM
---------- ---------- ----------
WARD 1250 500
KING 5000
idle> select ename,sal,comm from emp where ename in ('KING','WARD') order by comm desc;
ENAME SAL COMM
---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000
WARD 1250 500
idle>
COALESCE(expr1,expr2,expr3,...)
返回第一个非空的表达式
SQL> select coalesce('','a','','b') from dual;
C
-
a
SQL> select coalesce('','','','b') from dual;
C
-
b
SQL>

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The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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