非安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:重建控制文件、重建数据库 启动instance,即启动SGA和后台进程,这种启动只需要init.
一、几种启动方式:
1、startup nomount
非安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:重建控制文件、重建数据库
启动instance,即启动SGA和后台进程,这种启动只需要init.ora文件。
2、startup mount dbname
安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:数据库日志归档、数据库恢复、重新命名一些数据库文件 如:系统表空间或日志文件。 执行“nomount”,然后打开控制文件
3、startup open dbname
先执行“nomount”,然后执行“mount”,再打开包括Redo log文件在内的所有数据库文件, 这种方式下可访问数据库中的数据。
4、startup,等于以下三个命令
startup nomount
alter database mount
alter database open
5、startup restrict
约束方式启动 这种方式能够启动数据库,但只允许具有一定特权的用户访问 非特权用户访问时,会出现以下提示:
ERROR: ORA-01035: Oracle 只允许具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 权限的用户使用
6、startup force
强制启动方式 当不能关闭数据库时,可以用startup force来完成数据库的关闭 先关闭数据库,再执行正常启动数据库命令
7、startup pfile=参数文件名
带初始化参数文件的启动方式 先读取参数文件,再按参数文件中的设置启动数据库
例:startup pfile=E:\Oracle\admin\oradb\pfile\init.ora
8、startup EXCLUSIVE
PS:启动时可能会报错: ORA-12514: TNS: 监听程序当前无法识别连接描述符中请求的服务,改为:
SQL> conn / as sysdba
已连接到空闲例程。
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE 例程已经启动。
二、几种关闭方式:
1、shutdown normal 正常方式关闭数据库。
2、shutdown immediate 立即方式关闭数据库。
在SVRMGRL中执行shutdown immediate,,数据库并不立即关闭,
而是在Oracle执行某些清除工作后才关闭(终止会话、释放会话资源),
当使用shutdown不能关闭数据库时,shutdown immediate可以完成数据库关闭的操作。
3、shutdown abort 直接关闭数据库,正在访问数据库的会话会被突然终止,
如果数据库中有大量操作正在执行,这时执行shutdown abort后,重新启动数据库需要很长时间。

The main role of MySQL in web applications is to store and manage data. 1.MySQL efficiently processes user information, product catalogs, transaction records and other data. 2. Through SQL query, developers can extract information from the database to generate dynamic content. 3.MySQL works based on the client-server model to ensure acceptable query speed.

The steps to build a MySQL database include: 1. Create a database and table, 2. Insert data, and 3. Conduct queries. First, use the CREATEDATABASE and CREATETABLE statements to create the database and table, then use the INSERTINTO statement to insert the data, and finally use the SELECT statement to query the data.

MySQL is suitable for beginners because it is easy to use and powerful. 1.MySQL is a relational database, and uses SQL for CRUD operations. 2. It is simple to install and requires the root user password to be configured. 3. Use INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT to perform data operations. 4. ORDERBY, WHERE and JOIN can be used for complex queries. 5. Debugging requires checking the syntax and use EXPLAIN to analyze the query. 6. Optimization suggestions include using indexes, choosing the right data type and good programming habits.

MySQL is suitable for beginners because: 1) easy to install and configure, 2) rich learning resources, 3) intuitive SQL syntax, 4) powerful tool support. Nevertheless, beginners need to overcome challenges such as database design, query optimization, security management, and data backup.

Yes,SQLisaprogramminglanguagespecializedfordatamanagement.1)It'sdeclarative,focusingonwhattoachieveratherthanhow.2)SQLisessentialforquerying,inserting,updating,anddeletingdatainrelationaldatabases.3)Whileuser-friendly,itrequiresoptimizationtoavoidper

ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.


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