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mongodb 文档的嵌入和引用

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:35 PM
mongodbrelationEmbedQuotedocument

mongodb 是介于关系型与非关系型数据之间的,mongodb的join查询可以通过引用来实现。可以将文档内容嵌入到另一个文档中,也可以将文档内容引用到另一个文档中。嵌入意味着要把某一类型的数据,如包含更多数据的数组,嵌入到文档本身。引用意味着创建一个引用

mongodb 是介于关系型与非关系型数据之间的,mongodb的join查询可以通过引用来实现。 可以将文档内容嵌入到另一个文档中,也可以将文档内容引用到另一个文档中。 嵌入意味着要把某一类型的数据,如包含更多数据的数组,嵌入到文档本身。 引用意味着创建一个引用,包含另一个文档的数据。相当于关系型数据库。 一. 嵌入 例如:我想使用一个关系型数据库来记录CD、DVD和购买信息。在这个数据中,需要一个表来收集CD,另一个表来存储CD歌曲信息。因此,如果要查询特定的信息就可能需要查询多个表的。 对于mongodb 或者其他非关系型数据库,会更容易的嵌入这些信息,采用这种方法会使数据库简洁,确保所有相关信息保存在单一的文档中,同时,检索数据更快。 数据结构如下: 关系型
|_media
	|_cds
		|_id, artist, title, genre, releasedate
	|_ cd_tracklists
		|_cd_id, songtitle, length
非关系型
|_media
	|_items
		|_
对于非关系型,文档看起来如下所示
[
        {
                "_id" : ObjectId("5353463193efef02c962da73"),
                "Type" : "CD",
                "Artist" : "Nirvana",
                "Title" : "Nevermind",
                "Tracklist" : [
                        {
                                "Track" : "1",
                                "Title" : "Smells like teen spirit",
                                "Length" : "5:02"
                        },
                        {
                                "Track" : "2",
                                "Title" : "In Bloom",
                                "Length" : "4:15"
                        }
                ]
        }
]
上面这个例子中,歌曲信息嵌入到文档本身中,在关系型数据库中至少需要两个表,在非关系型数据库中,仅需要一个集合和一个文档。在检索信息时,只需要数据从一个文档加载到内存中,而不必加载多个文档。 二. 引用 在很多场景下,把数据嵌入到文档足以满足很多应用程序,如上所示。然而,有时就需要引用另一个文档。 在mongodb中的文档引用是通过执行额外的查询来解决的。 mongodb提供两种方式来实现:手动引用和使用DBRef标准。 2.1 手动引用 手动引用是最简单最直接的方式。当手动引用数据时,将其他文档的_id值存储在你的文档中。实例如下:
> use ttlsa_com
switched to db ttlsa_com
> apress = ( { "_id" : "Apress", "Type" : "Technical Publisher", "Category" : ["IT", "Software","Programming"] } )
{
        "_id" : "Apress",
        "Type" : "Technical Publisher",
        "Category" : [
                "IT",
                "Software",
                "Programming"
        ]
}
> db.publisherscollection.insert(apress)
引用
> book = ( { "Type" : "Book", "Title" : "Definitive Guide to MongoDB, the", "ISBN" : "987-1-4302-3051-9", "Publisher" : "Apress","Author" : ["Membrey,Peter","Plugge, Eelco","Hawkins, Tim"] } )
{
        "Type" : "Book",
        "Title" : "Definitive Guide to MongoDB, the",
        "ISBN" : "987-1-4302-3051-9",
        "Publisher" : "Apress",
        "Author" : [
                "Membrey,Peter",
                "Plugge, Eelco",
                "Hawkins, Tim"
        ]
}
> db.mediaCollection.insert(book)
检索
> book = db.mediaCollection.findOne({"ISBN" : "987-1-4302-3051-9"})
{
        "Author" : [
                "Hawkins, Tim",
                "Plugge, Eelco"
        ],
        "ISBN" : "987-1-4302-3051-9",
        "Publisher" : "Apress",
        "Title" : " Different Title 2",
        "Type" : "Book",
        "_id" : ObjectId("5353462f93efef02c962da71")
}
> book.Publisher
Apress
> db.publisherscollection.findOne( { _id : book.Publisher } )
{
        "_id" : "Apress",
        "Type" : "Technical Publisher",
        "Category" : [
                "IT",
                "Software",
                "Programming"
        ]
}
2.2?DBRef DBRef提供了一个更正式的规范引用文档之间的数据。 在DBRef中,数据库引用以标准的JSON/ BSON嵌入对象存储的。 语法:?{ $ref : , $id : [, $db : ] } 代表引用的集合的名称。 所引用的文档的_id值。 $ db是可选的,引用的文档所在的数据库的名称。  
> apress = ( { "Type" : "Technical Publisher", "Category" :["IT","Software","Programming"] } )
{
        "Type" : "Technical Publisher",
        "Category" : [
                "IT",
                "Software",
                "Programming"
        ]
}
> db.publisherscollection.save(apress)
> apress
{
        "Type" : "Technical Publisher",
        "Category" : [
                "IT",
                "Software",
                "Programming"
        ],
        "_id" : ObjectId("53588c221697e7511678752c")
}
> book = { "Type" : "Book", "Title" : "Definitive Guide to MongoDB, the", "ISBN" : "987-1-4302-3051-9", "Author": ["Membrey, Peter","Plugge,Eelco","Hawkins, Tim"], Publisher : [ new DBRef ('publisherscollection',apress._id) ] }
{
        "Type" : "Book",
        "Title" : "Definitive Guide to MongoDB, the",
        "ISBN" : "987-1-4302-3051-9",
        "Author" : [
                "Membrey, Peter",
                "Plugge,Eelco",
                "Hawkins, Tim"
        ],
        "Publisher" : [
                DBRef("publisherscollection", ObjectId("53588c221697e7511678752c"))
        ]
}
> db.media.save(book)
> db.media.find().toArray()
[
        {
                "_id" : ObjectId("53588ce01697e7511678752d"),
                "Type" : "Book",
                "Title" : "Definitive Guide to MongoDB, the",
                "ISBN" : "987-1-4302-3051-9",
                "Author" : [
                        "Membrey, Peter",
                        "Plugge,Eelco",
                        "Hawkins, Tim"
                ],
                "Publisher" : [
                        DBRef("publisherscollection", ObjectId("53588c221697e7511678752c"))
                ]
        }
]
三. 比较 嵌入 : 小的子文档 数据不经常改变 当最终一致性是可以接受的 文档增长小 经常需要进行二次查询来获取数据 读快 引用 : 大的子文档 非易失性数据 当实时一致性是必要的 文档增长大 经常需要从结果中排除数据 写快
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