Nginx不仅是一款优秀的WEB服务器,同时可以根据nginx的反代理可以配置成强大的负载均衡器.这里就介绍如何把nginx配置成负载均衡器,并结合keepalived配置高可用的集群.一般集群主要架构为: 前端为负载均衡器两个:主/备,两种工作方式,一种是备机待机状态,主机故
Nginx不仅是一款优秀的WEB服务器,同时可以根据nginx的反代理可以配置成强大的负载均衡器.这里就介绍如何把nginx配置成负载均衡器,并结合keepalived配置高可用的集群. 一般集群主要架构为:
前端为负载均衡器两个:主/备,两种工作方式,一种是备机待机状态,主机故障时备机接管主机工作实现故障庄毅,在主机故障恢复完成时备机继续仅需待机状态,第二种是主备同时工作,一台宕机另外一台自动接管另一台的工作实现故障转移. 第一种方式可以通过将域名解析到一个虚拟ip(vip)上,主负载均衡器绑定虚拟ip,当主负载均衡器出现故障时,通过keepalived自动将vip绑定到备用负载均衡器上同时arping网关刷新MAC地址.,避免单点故障. 第二种方式主备同时绑定一个vip,把域名通过DNS轮询的方式解析到这两个服务器上,主机出现故障,备机就将主机绑定vip绑定到备机上,同时arping网关刷新MAC地址.实现故障转移.
中间为WEB服务器作为real server,处理请求. 后端为数据库和分布式文件系统.数据库一般为主从两台.分布式文件系统有效解决WEB服务器之间的数据同步.有的还会将图片服务器单独分离出来放在后端.
本文使用环境:
- CentOS 5.5 32位
- nginx:nginx-1.0.11
- keepalived:keepalived-1.1.19.tar.gz
- 主调度器:192.168.3.1
- 备调度器:192.168.3.2
- real server:192.168.3.4/5/6
本文采用第一种方式来进行vip为:192.168.3.253
一、在主备服务器上部署nginx
1.下载
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.0.11.tar.gz
2.安装
?yum??-y?install?zlib-devel?pcre-devel?openssl-devel ?# 安装依赖 tar -zxvf nginx-1.0.11.tar.gz cd nginx-1.0.11 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_gzip_static_module make && make install
3.配置
配置主调度器的nginx,编辑nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; #access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; #tcp_nopush on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; #gzip on; # 添加一组真实的服务器地址池 # 供proxy_pass和fastcgi_pass指令中使用的代理服务器 upstream real_server_pool { # 后台如果有动态应用的时候,ip_hash指令可以通过hash算法 # 将客户端请求定位到同一台后端服务器上,解决session共享, # 但建议用动态应用做session共享 # ip_hash; # server用于指定一个后端服务器的名称和参数 # weight代表权,重默认为1,权重越高被分配的客户端越多 # max_fails 指定时间内对后端请求失败的次数 # fail_timeout 达到max_fails指定的失败次数后暂停的时间 server 192.168.3.4:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s; # down参数用来标记为离线,不参与负载均衡.在ip_hash下使用 # 在此做演示,后面测试会去掉 server 192.168.3.5:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s down; # backup仅仅在非backup服务器宕机或繁忙的时候使用 # (在此做演示,后面测试会去掉) server 192.168.3.6:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s backup; } server { listen 192.168.3.1:80; server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; #access_log logs/host.access.log main; location / { #root html; #index index.html index.htm; # 使用upstream设置的一组代理服务器 # 如果后端服务器出现502或504等执行错误时, # 将自动将请求转发给负载均衡池中的另一台服务器. proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header; proxy_pass http://real_server_pool; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; } } }
(注意:
配置文件中注释ip_hash,以为ip_hash这个功能将保证这个客户端请求总是被转发到一台服务器上,所以如果启用了ip_hash指令,将不能再使用weight(权重参数),配置文件中加入为解释ip_hash指令)
配置备用nginx,将监听ip改为备用调度器的ip
http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; #access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; #tcp_nopush on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; #gzip on; upstream real_server_pool { #ip_hash; server 192.168.3.4:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s; server 192.168.3.5:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s; server 192.168.3.6:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s; } server { listen 192.168.3.2:80; # 监听ip改为本地ip server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; #access_log logs/host.access.log main; location / { #root html; #index index.html index.htm; proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header; proxy_pass http://real_server_pool; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; }
然后启动主备nginx:
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
二、在主备服务器上部署keepalived
安装 安装依赖:
yum -y install kernel-devel # 安装依赖
开启路由转发:
vi /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 # 此参数改为1 sysctl -p # 使修改生效
首先安装ipvs:
ln -s /usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-194.el5-i686/ /usr/src/linux # ipvs需要内核文件,做一个软连接 # 下载 wget http://www.linuxvirtualserver.org/software/kernel-2.6/ipvsadm-1.24.tar.gz tar -zxvf ipvsadm-1.24.tar.gz cd ipvsadm-1.24 make make install
然后安装keepalived
# 下载 wget http://www.keepalived.org/software/keepalived-1.1.19.tar.gz tar -zxvf keepalived-1.1.19.tar.gz cd keepalived-1.1.19 ./configure --prefix=/ \ # 安装在默认位置(配置文件,二进制文件,启动脚本放到默认位置) --mandir=/usr/local/share/man/ \ --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-194.el5-i686/ # 需要内核的头文件 make && make install
配置keepalived
编辑主调度器配置文件/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf ###
global_defs { notification_email { cold_night@linuxzen.com # 定义通知邮箱,有多个可以换行添加 } notification_email_from root@linuxzen.com# 定义发送邮件的邮箱 smtp_server www.linuxzen.com # 定义发件服务器 smtp_connect_timeout 30 # 定义连接smtp服务器超时时间 router_id LVS_DEVEL } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state MASTER # 标示主备,备机上改为BACKUP interface eth0 # HA监测的端口 virtual_router_id 51 # 主备的virtual_router_id的值必须相同 priority 100 # 优先级,通常主要比备稍大 advert_int 1 # VRRP Multicast 广播周期秒数 authentication { # 定义认证 auth_type PASS # 认证方式 auth_pass 1111 # 认证口令字 } virtual_ipaddress { # 定义vip 192.168.3.253 # 多个可换行添加,一行一个 } } virtual_server 192.168.3.253 80 { delay_loop 6 # 每隔 6 秒查询 realserver 状态 lb_algo rr lb_kind NAT nat_mask 255.255.255.0 persistence_timeout 50 # 同一IP 的连接50秒内被分配到同一台realserver protocol TCP # 用TCP监测realserver的状态 real_server 192.168.3.1 80 { weight 3 # 权重 TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 10 # 10秒无响应超时 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 connect_port 80 } } real_server 192.168.3.2 80 { weight 3 TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 3 delay_before_retry 3 connect_port 80 } } }
配置备用调度器的keepalived,只需要将state MASTER 改为state BACKUP,降低priority 100 的值:
global_defs { notification_email { cold_night@linuxzen.com } notification_email_from root@linuxzen.com smtp_server www.linuxzen.com smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id LVS_DEVEL } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state BACKUP # 备机上改为BACKUP interface eth0 virtual_router_id 51 # 主备的virtual_router_id的值必须相同 priority 99 # 备用优先级小于主调度器 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1111 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.3.253 } } virtual_server 192.168.3.253 80 { delay_loop 6 lb_algo rr lb_kind NAT nat_mask 255.255.255.0 persistence_timeout 50 protocol TCP real_server 192.168.3.1 80 { weight 3 TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 10 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 connect_port 80 } } real_server 192.168.3.2 80 { weight 3 TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 3 delay_before_retry 3 connect_port 80 } } }
主备上启动keepalived:
service keepalived start
三、测试-----部署后端服务器
在后端服务器安装nginx,这里仅部署一台然后创建3个基于ip的虚拟主机供测试: 绑定ip:
ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.3.4/24 ifconfig eth0:2 192.168.3.5/24 ifconfig eth0:3 192.168.3.6/24
安装nginx后编辑配置文件,在http块里添加:
http { server { listen 192.168.3.4:80; server_name 192.168.3.4; location / { root html/s1; index index.html index.htm; } } server { listen 192.168.3.5:80; server_name 192.168.3.5; location / { root html/s2; index index.html index.htm; } } server { listen 192.168.3.6:80; server_name 192.168.3.5; location / { root html/s3; index index.html index.htm; } } }
创建虚拟主机根目录,并创建不通的首页文档:
cd /usr/local/nginx/html/ mkdir s1 s2 s3 echo server1 > s1/index.html echo server2 > s2/index.html echo server3 > s3/index.html
启动nginx:
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
打开浏览器访问http://192.168.3.253
刷新会看到显示不同的内容:server1,server2,server3(生产中的服务器应该是一样的) [gallery link="file" order="DESC"] 现在停掉主调度器的keepalived
pkill keepalived
查看备调度器的日志:
cat /var/log/messages Feb 10 16:36:27 cfhost Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Transition to MASTER STATE Feb 10 16:36:28 cfhost Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering MASTER STATE Feb 10 16:36:28 cfhost Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) setting protocol VIPs. Feb 10 16:36:28 cfhost Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 192.168.3.253 Feb 10 16:36:28 cfhost Keepalived_vrrp: Netlink reflector reports IP 192.168.3.253 added Feb 10 16:36:28 cfhost Keepalived_healthcheckers: Netlink reflector reports IP 192.168.3.253 added Feb 10 16:36:33 cfhost Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 192.168.3.253
现在访问http://192.168.3.253
依然可以访问.
大家也看到了备机keepalived只有检测主机的keepalived停止的时候才会切换vip,而不是检测一台real server的某一服务(比如检测80端口的HTTP)切换vip,所以在nginx进程停止的时候,如果服务器没有宕机这时候就无法实现故障转移,所以我们编写一个检测nginx状态的脚本结合keepalived实现故障转移:
#!/bin/bash #filename:nsc.sh ps aux | grep nginx | grep -v grep 2> /dev/null 1>&2 # 过滤nginx进程 if [[ $? -eq 0 ]] # 如果过滤有nginx进程会返回0则认为nginx存活 then sleep 5 # 使脚本进入休眠 else # 如果nginx没有存活尝试启动nginx,如果失败则杀死keepalived的进程 /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx ps aux | grep nginx | grep -v grep 2> /dev/null 1>&2 if [[ $? -eq 0 ]] then pkill keepalived fi fi
然后后台运行此脚本:
nohup sh nsc.sh &
这样就实现了群集的高可靠和高可用.
原文地址:nginx+keepalived配置高可用HTTP群集, 感谢原作者分享。

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