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数据库一步一步入门

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:10 PM
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数据库表 一个数据库通常包含一个或多个表。每个表由一个名字标识(例如“客户”或者“订单”)。表包含带有数据的记录(行)。 下面的例子是一个名为 Persons 的表: Id LastName FirstName Address City 1 Adams John Oxford Street London 2 Bush George

数据库表

一个数据库通常包含一个或多个表。每个表由一个名字标识(例如“客户”或者“订单”)。表包含带有数据的记录(行)。

下面的例子是一个名为 "Persons" 的表:

Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Adams John Oxford Street London
2 Bush George Fifth Avenue New York
3 Carter Thomas Changan Street Beijing

上面的表包含三条记录(每一条对应一个人)和五个列(Id、姓、名、地址和城市)。

SQL 语句

您需要在数据库上执行的大部分工作都由 SQL 语句完成。

下面的语句从表中选取 LastName 列的数据:

SELECT LastName FROM Persons

结果集类似这样:

LastName
Adams
Bush
Carter

在本教程中,我们将为您讲解各种不同的 SQL 语句。

重要事项

一定要记住,SQL 对大小写不敏感!

SQL 语句后面的分号?

某些数据库系统要求在每条 SQL 命令的末端使用分号。在我们的教程中不使用分号。

分号是在数据库系统中分隔每条 SQL 语句的标准方法,这样就可以在对服务器的相同请求中执行一条以上的语句。

如果您使用的是 MS Access 和 SQL Server 2000,则不必在每条 SQL 语句之后使用分号,不过某些数据库软件要求必须使用分号。

SQL DML 和 DDL

可以把 SQL 分为两个部分:数据操作语言 (DML) 和 数据定义语言 (DDL)。

SQL (结构化查询语言)是用于执行查询的语法。但是 SQL 语言也包含用于更新、插入和删除记录的语法。

查询和更新指令构成了 SQL 的 DML 部分:

  • SELECT - 从数据库表中获取数据
  • UPDATE - 更新数据库表中的数据
  • DELETE - 从数据库表中删除数据
  • INSERT INTO - 向数据库表中插入数据

    SQL 的数据定义语言 (DDL) 部分使我们有能力创建或删除表格。我们也可以定义索引(键),规定表之间的链接,以及施加表间的约束。

    SQL 中最重要的 DDL 语句:

    • CREATE DATABASE - 创建新数据库
    • ALTER DATABASE - 修改数据库
    • CREATE TABLE - 创建新表
    • ALTER TABLE - 变更(改变)数据库表
    • DROP TABLE - 删除表
    • CREATE INDEX - 创建索引(搜索键)
    • DROP INDEX - 删除索引
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