根据定义,数据库管理系统的目的就是管理数据。即使一条简单的SELECT 1语句也涉及表达式求值以产生一个整型数据值。MySQL中的每个数据值都有类型。例如, 37.4 是一个数,而“ a b c”是一个串。有时,数据的类型是明显的,因为在使用CREATE TABLE 语句时指定
根据定义,数据库管理系统的目的就是管理数据。即使一条简单的SELECT 1语句也涉及表达式求值以产生一个整型数据值。MySQL中的每个数据值都有类型。例如, 37.4 是一个数,而“ a b c”是一个串。有时,数据的类型是明显的,因为在使用CREATE TABLE 语句时指定了作为表的组成部分定义的每个列的类型,如:
而有时,数据类型是不明确的,如在一个表达式中引用直接值时,将值传送给一个函数,或使用从该函数返回的值,如:

INSERT 语句完成下列操作,这些操作全都涉及数据类型:
■ 将整数值14 赋给整数列i n t _ c o l。
■ 将串值“ a”和“b”传递给函数C O N C AT( )。C O N C AT( ) 返回串值“a b”,这个串值被赋予串列s t r _ c o l。
■ 将整数值1999 0 115 赋给日期列date _ c o l。而这是不匹配的,因此, MySQL将自动进行数据类型转换。要有效地利用MySQL,必须理解其怎样处理数据。本章描述了MySQL能够处理的数据类型,并讨论了在处理这些数据类型时所出现的问题,主要内容如下:
■ 通用数据类型,包括NULL 值。
■ 特殊数据类型,以及描述每种列类型的属性。有些列类型是相当常见的,如CHAR 串类型。而有的如AUTO_INCREMENT 整型和T I M E S TAMP 日期类型,其性能很特殊,应该加以理解以免出错。
■ 恰当地选择表的列类型。在创建表时,重要的是要了解怎样为自己的目的选择最好的类型,以及在几种类型都可以用于想要存储的值时选择一种类型。
■ 表达式求值规则。MySQL提供了许多可用于表达式的运算符和函数,以便对数据进行检索、显示和处理。表达式求值的规则包括类型转换规则,在一种类型的值用于另一类型的值的情况时需用到类型转换规则。理解何时进行类型转换以及怎样进行转换很重要;有的转换没有意义而且会产生错误值。将串“13”赋给整数列结果为值13,但是将串“a b c” 赋给该列得到0 值,因为“a b c”不是一个数。更坏的是,如果进行比较而不了解值的转换,可能会带来很大的危险,如在打算只对几行进行操作时,可能会更新或删除了表中的所有行。附录B和附录C提供了MySQL列类型、运算和函数的更多信息。
2.1MySQL数据类型
MySQL有几种数据类型,下面分别进行介绍。
1. 数值值
数值是诸如48 或193.62 这样的值。MySQL支持说明为整数(无小数部分)或浮点数(有小数部分)的值。整数可按十进制形式或十六进制形式表示。整数由数字序列组成。以十六进制形式表示的整数由“ 0 x”后跟一个或多个十六进制数字(” 0”到“9”及“a”到“f”)组成。例如, 0x0a 为十进制的10,而0 x ffff 为十进制的6 5 5 3 5。十六进制数字不区分大小写,但其前缀“ 0 x”不能为“ 0 X”。即0x0a 和0x0A 都是合法的,但0X0a 和0X0A 不是合法的。浮点数由一个阿拉伯数字序列、一个小数点和另一个阿拉伯数字序列组成。两个阿拉伯数字序列可以分别为空,但不能同时为空。MySQL支持科学表示法。科学表示法由整数或浮点数后跟“ e”或“E”、一个符号(“+”或“-”)和一个整数指数来表示。1.34E+12 和43.27e-1都是合法的科学表示法表示的数。而1.34E12 不是合法的,因为指数前的符号未给出。指数前的“ e”也是一个合法的十六进制数字,因此有可能会弄错。数值前可放一个负号“ -”以表示负值。
2. (字符)串值 串是诸如“Madison, Wi s c o n s i n”或“patient shows improvement”这样的值。既可用单引号也可用双引号将串值括起来。串中可使用几个转义序列,它们用来表示特殊的字符,见表2 - 1。每个序列以一个反斜杠(“\”)开始,指出临时不同于通常的字符解释。注意NUL 字节与NULL 值不同;NUL 为一个零值字节,而NULL 为没有值。

要在串中包括一个引号,可有如下三种选择:
■ 如果串是用相同的引号括起来的,那么在串中需要引号的地方双写引号即可。如:

■ 如果串是用另外的引号括起来的,则不需要双写相应引号。如:

■ 用反斜杠方式表示;这种方法不去管用来将串括起的是单引号还是双引号。如:

在串的环境中,可用十六进制常数来指定串值。其语法与前面描述的数值值相同,但是每对十六进制的数字都被看作ASCII 代码并转换为字符,其结果用于串。例如, 0 x 6 16 2 6 3作为串时为“ a b c”。
3. 日期和时间值
日期和时间是一些诸如“ 1999 - 0 6 - 17”或“12 : 3 0 : 4 3”这样的值。MySQL还支持日期/时间的组合,如“ 1999-06-17 12:30:43”。要特别注意这样一个事实,即MySQL是按年-月-日的顺序表示日期的。MySQL的初学者通常对这一点很惊奇,其实这是ANSI SQL 的标准格式。可以利用DATE _ F O R M AT( ) 函数以任意形式显示日期值,但是缺省显示格式首先显示年,而且输入值也必须首先给出年。
4. NULL 值
NULL 是一种“无类型”的值。它过去惯常表示的意思是“无值”、“未知值”、“丢失的值”、“溢出值”以及“没有上述值”等。可将NULL 值插入表中、从表中检索它们,测试某个值是否是NULL,但不能对NULL 值进行算术运算(如果对NULL 进行算术运算,其结果为NULL)。

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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