自己写一个简单的数据库, 原理 大概有以下几点: 一、数据以文本形式保存 将所要保存的数据写入文本文件,这个文本文件就是数据库。 为了方便读取,数据必须分为记录,每一条记录的长度规定为等长。 举例:假定每条记录的长度是800字节,那么第5条记录的开
自己写一个简单的数据库,原理大概有以下几点:
一、数据以文本形式保存
将所要保存的数据写入文本文件,这个文本文件就是数据库。
为了方便读取,数据必须分为记录,每一条记录的长度规定为等长。
举例:假定每条记录的长度是800字节,那么第5条记录的开始位置就在3200字节。
大多数的时候我们不知道某一条记录在第几个位置,只知道主键的值。这时为了读取数据,可以一条条比对记录。但是这样做的效率太低。实际应用中,数据库往往采用B树格式存储数据。
二、关于B树
要理解B树先需要理解二叉查找树
说二叉查找树是一种查找效率非常高的数据结构,它有三个特点:
(1)每个节点最多只有两个子树。
(2)左子树都为小于父节点的值,右子树都为大于父节点的值。
(3)在n个节点中找到目标值,一般只需要log(n)次比较。
二叉查找树的结构不适合数据库,因为他的查找效率与层数有关。越处在下层的数据,就需要越多次的比较。极端的情况下,n个数据需要n次比较才能找到目标值。对于数据库来说,每进入一层,就要从硬盘读取一次数据,这非常致命,因为硬盘的读取时间远远大于数据处理时间,数据库读取硬盘的次数越少越好。
B树是对二叉查找树的改进。它的设计思想是,将相关数据尽量集中在一起,以便一次读取多个数据,减少硬盘操作次数。
B树的特点:
(1)一个节点可以容纳多个值。
(2)除非数据已经填满,否则不会增加新的层,也就是说,B树追求“层”越少越好。
(3)子节点的值,与父节点中的值有严格的大小对应关系。一般来说,如果父节点有a个值,那么就有a+1个子节点。比如上图中,父节点有两个值(7和16),就应对应三个子节点,第一个子节点都是小于7的值,最后一个子节点都是大于16的值,中间的子节点就是7和16之间的值。
这种数据结构非常有利于减少读取硬盘的次数。假定一个节点可以容纳100个值,那么3层的B树可以容纳100万个数据,如果换成二叉查找树,则需要20层。假定操作系统一次读取一个节点,并且根节点保留在内存中,那么B树在100万个数据中查找目标值,只需要读取两次硬盘。
三、索引
数据库以B树格式存储,只解决了按照“主键”查找数据的问题。如果想查找其他字段,就需要建立检索(index)。
所谓索引,就是以某个字段为关键字的B树文件,假定一张“雇员表”,包含了员工号(主键)和姓名两个字段,可以对姓名建立索引文件,该文件以B树格式对姓名进行存储,每个姓名后面是其在数据库中的位置(即第几条记录)。查找姓名的时候,先从索引中找到对应的第几条记录,然后再从表格中读取。这种索引查找方法,叫做“索引顺序存取方法”,缩写为ISAM。它已经有多种实现,只要使用这些代码库,就能自己写一个最简单的数据库。
四、高级功能
部署了最基本的数据存取(包括索引)以后,还可以实现一些高级功能。
(1)SQL语言是数据库通用操作语言,所以需要一个SQL解析器,将SQL命令解析为对应的ISAM操作。
(2)数据库连接(join)是指数据库的两张表通过“外键”,建立连接关系。你需要对这种操作进行优化。
(3)数据库事务(transaction)是指批量进行一系列数据库操作,只要有一步不成功,整个操作都不成功。所以需要有一个“操作日志”,以便失败时对操作进行回滚。
(4)备份机制:保存数据库的副本。
(5)远程操作:使得用户可以在不同的机器上,通过TCP/IP协议操作数据库。
部分内容来自点击打开链接,后续依然会不断更新完善。

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows
This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.

SublimeText3 English version
Recommended: Win version, supports code prompts!

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download
A free and powerful IDE editor launched by Microsoft

DVWA
Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software