1.原子性 事务的原子性指的是,事务中包含的程序作为数据库的逻辑工作单位,它所做的对数据修改操作要么全部执行,要么完全不执行。这种特性称为原子性。 事务的原子性要求,如果把一个事务可看作是一个程序,它要么完整的被执行,要么完全不执行。就是说事
1.原子性
事务的原子性指的是,事务中包含的程序作为数据库的逻辑工作单位,它所做的对数据修改操作要么全部执行,要么完全不执行。这种特性称为原子性。
事务的原子性要求,如果把一个事务可看作是一个程序,它要么完整的被执行,要么完全不执行。就是说事务的操纵序列或者完全应用到数据库或者完全不影响数据库。这种特性称为原子性。
假如用户在一个事务内完成了对数据库的更新,这时所有的更新对外部世界必须是可见的,或者完全没有更新。前者称事务已提交,后者称事务撤消(或流产)。DBMS必须确保由成功提交的事务完成的所有操纵在数据库内有完全的反映,而失败的事务对数据库完全没有影响。
事务里面的操作要不都执行,要不全部不执行
2.一致性
事务的一致性指的是在一个事务执行之前和执行之后数据库都必须处于一致性状态。这种特性称为事务的一致性。假如数据库的状态满足所有的完整性约束,就说该数据库是一致的。
一致性处理数据库中对所有语义约束的保护。假如数据库的状态满足所有的完整性约束,就说该数据库是一致的。例如,当数据库处于一致性状态S1时,对数据库执行一个事务,在事务执行期间假定数据库的状态是不一致的,当事务执行结束时,数据库处在一致性状态S2。
事务执行之前和执行之后数据库的状态保持一致
3.分离性
分离性指并发的事务是相互隔离的。即一个事务内部的操作及正在操作的数据必须封锁起来,不被其它企图进行修改的事务看到。
分离性是DBMS针对并发事务间的冲突提供的安全保证。DBMS可以通过加锁在并发执行的事务间提供不同级别的分离。假如并发交叉执行的事务没有任何控制,操纵相同的共享对象的多个并发事务的执行可能引起异常情况。
DBMS可以在并发执行的事务间提供不同级别的分离。分离的级别和并发事务的吞吐量之间存在反比关系。较多事务的可分离性可能会带来较高的冲突和较多的事务流产。流产的事务要消耗资源,这些资源必须要重新被访问。因此,确保高分离级别的DBMS需要更多的开销。
并发的事务中对各自事务的操作不受影响
4.永久性
持久性意味着当系统或介质发生故障时,确保已提交事务的更新不能丢失。即一旦一个事务提交,DBMS保证它对数据库中数据的改变应该是永久性的,耐得住任何系统故障。持久性通过数据库备份和恢复来保证。
事务对数据库的操作是永久性的.

MySQLoffersvariousstorageengines,eachsuitedfordifferentusecases:1)InnoDBisidealforapplicationsneedingACIDcomplianceandhighconcurrency,supportingtransactionsandforeignkeys.2)MyISAMisbestforread-heavyworkloads,lackingtransactionsupport.3)Memoryengineis

Common security vulnerabilities in MySQL include SQL injection, weak passwords, improper permission configuration, and unupdated software. 1. SQL injection can be prevented by using preprocessing statements. 2. Weak passwords can be avoided by forcibly using strong password strategies. 3. Improper permission configuration can be resolved through regular review and adjustment of user permissions. 4. Unupdated software can be patched by regularly checking and updating the MySQL version.

Identifying slow queries in MySQL can be achieved by enabling slow query logs and setting thresholds. 1. Enable slow query logs and set thresholds. 2. View and analyze slow query log files, and use tools such as mysqldumpslow or pt-query-digest for in-depth analysis. 3. Optimizing slow queries can be achieved through index optimization, query rewriting and avoiding the use of SELECT*.

To monitor the health and performance of MySQL servers, you should pay attention to system health, performance metrics and query execution. 1) Monitor system health: Use top, htop or SHOWGLOBALSTATUS commands to view CPU, memory, disk I/O and network activities. 2) Track performance indicators: monitor key indicators such as query number per second, average query time and cache hit rate. 3) Ensure query execution optimization: Enable slow query logs, record and optimize queries whose execution time exceeds the set threshold.

The main difference between MySQL and MariaDB is performance, functionality and license: 1. MySQL is developed by Oracle, and MariaDB is its fork. 2. MariaDB may perform better in high load environments. 3.MariaDB provides more storage engines and functions. 4.MySQL adopts a dual license, and MariaDB is completely open source. The existing infrastructure, performance requirements, functional requirements and license costs should be taken into account when choosing.

MySQL uses a GPL license. 1) The GPL license allows the free use, modification and distribution of MySQL, but the modified distribution must comply with GPL. 2) Commercial licenses can avoid public modifications and are suitable for commercial applications that require confidentiality.

The situations when choosing InnoDB instead of MyISAM include: 1) transaction support, 2) high concurrency environment, 3) high data consistency; conversely, the situation when choosing MyISAM includes: 1) mainly read operations, 2) no transaction support is required. InnoDB is suitable for applications that require high data consistency and transaction processing, such as e-commerce platforms, while MyISAM is suitable for read-intensive and transaction-free applications such as blog systems.

In MySQL, the function of foreign keys is to establish the relationship between tables and ensure the consistency and integrity of the data. Foreign keys maintain the effectiveness of data through reference integrity checks and cascading operations. Pay attention to performance optimization and avoid common errors when using them.


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