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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialExcel-移动平均分析(趋势分析)

移动平均数可以有效地消除实际数据值的随机波动,从而得到较为平滑的数据变动趋势图表,通过对历史趋势变动的分析,可以预测未来一期或几期内数据的变动方向。 1.移动平均计算的种类 根据预测时使用的各元素的权重不同,可以分为:简单移动平均和加权移动平

移动平均数可以有效地消除实际数据值的随机波动,从而得到较为平滑的数据变动趋势图表,通过对历史趋势变动的分析,可以预测未来一期或几期内数据的变动方向。

1.移动平均计算的种类

根据预测时使用的各元素的权重不同,可以分为:简单移动平均和加权移动平均。
移动平均有一个很重要的概念就是“间隔”,移动平均数的计算是限定在间隔数之内的。以简单移动平均数的计算为例,假设间隔为3,则每个移动平均数都是前3个原始数据的平均值。在图9-86中,C4是A2、A3、A4单元格的平均值,C5是A3、A4、A5单元格的平均值,以此类推。通过这种移动方式的平均值计算可以有效消除数值波动影响。例如,图9-86中移动平均数最大值与最小值的差是9(即25-16),而原始数据中最大值与最小值的差是21(即31-10)。
加权移动平均只不过是为期内每个数据分配了不同的权重,而不是简单地计算平均数。例如,在图9-87所示的C4单元格中,间隔仍旧为3,第一个数据的权重为35%,第二个为30%,第三个为35%。注意,权重相加必须等于1。对比图9-86和图9-87中的数据,可以看出加权移动平均与简单移动平均的差异。
在运用加权移动平均时,权重的选择是一个应该注意的问题。一般而言,最近期的数据最能预示未来的情况,因而权重应大些。例如,根据前一个月的销售情况比根据前几个月能更好地估测下个月的销售情况。但是,如果数据是季节性的,则权重也应是季节性的,例如,不能以1月份T恤衫的销量预测春季的销量。
 
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图9-86简单移动平均数计算
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图9-87加权移动平均数计算

2.绘制移动平均图表

绘制简单移动平均可以使用Excel提供的数据分析工具。

单击“数据”选项卡中的“数据分析”按钮,在打开的对话框中选择“移动平均”并单击“确定”按钮,将打开如图9-88所示的“移动平均”对话框。

 

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图9-88“移动平均”对话框

在输入区域选择原始数据区域A1:A32,由于A1是标题,因此勾选“标志位于第一行”选项。间隔选择3。“输出区域”用于指定移动平均数的放置位置,选择一个起始单元格即可。勾选“图表输出”,将同时绘制折线图。

单击“确定”按钮,即可看到移动平均计算结果和绘制的图表,如图9-89所示。

 

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图9-89绘制的移动平均折线图

图中的“预测值”数据系列即是使用移动平均数绘制的折线图,可以看出比实际值平滑了许多,更易于进行趋势的判断。由于间隔为3,所以C2、C3的值为#N/A。

3.移动平均分析的注意事项

移动平均对原序列有修匀或平滑的作用,并且加大间隔数会使平滑波动效果更好,但这也会使预测值对数据实际变动更不敏感,因此移动平均的间隔不宜过大。例如,图9-90是在间隔为6的情况下绘制的折线图,可以看到“预测值”数据系列比图9-89中平滑了很多。

 

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图9-90间隔为6时绘制的移动平均折线图

当数据包含季节、周期变动时,移动平均的间隔数与季节、周期变动长度一致,才能消除其季节或周期变动影响。

移动平均数并不能总是很好地反映出趋势。由于是平均值,预测值总是停留在过去的水平上而无法预计会导致将来更高或更低的波动。

移动平均分析需要由大量的历史数据才可以进行。
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