search
HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial在PL/SQL中使用日期类型

之前的文章介绍了在PL/SQL中使用字符串和数字了下。毫无疑问,字符串和数字很重要,但是可以确定的是没有哪个应用不依赖于日期的

在PL/SQL中使用日期类型

之前的文章介绍了在PL/SQL中使用字符串和数字了下。毫无疑问,字符串和数字很重要,但是可以确定的是没有哪个应用不依赖于日期的。

Oracle使用由字符串索引的二维数组 

你需要记录事件的发生事件,人们的出生日期等等很多。

通常的使用方式是:

1)声明日期变量和常量

2)使用内建函数显示和修改日期值

3)执行日期相关计算

日期类型比字符串或数字更复杂。它有多个部分组成(年,月,日,时,分,秒等),而且关于一个有效的日期有很多规则。
本文将给你所有信息以便在PL/SQL程序中使用日期。

1、PL/SQL中的日期,时间戳和间隔(Intervals)

绝大多数应用需要存储和操作日期和时间。不像字符串和数字,,日期要求更复杂:不仅仅因为他们更高级的格式化数据,其对于有效值和有效计算方式都有
很多规则。

Fortunately, Oracle Database and PL/SQL provide a set of true date and time datatypes that store both date and time information in a standard internal format, and they also have an extensive set of built-in functions for manipulating the date and time.

庆幸的是,Oracle数据库和PL/SQL提供了一系列日期和时间类型以标准形式来存储日期和时间信息,还有一系列内建函数来实现日期和时间计算。
有三种相关类型:
1)DATE—This datatype stores a date and a time, resolved to the second. It does not include the time zone【时区】. DATE is the oldest and most commonly used datatype for working with dates in Oracle applications. 也是最古老和最常用的类型。

2)TIMESTAMP—Time stamps are similar to dates, but with these two key distinctions:
(2.1) you can store and manipulate times resolved to the nearest billionth of a second (9 decimal places of precision), and
存储精度达到10亿分之一秒。
(2.2) you can associate a time zone with a time stamp, and Oracle Database will take that time zone into account when manipulating the time stamp. 可带时区。

3)INTERVAL—Whereas DATE and TIMESTAMP record a specific point in time, INTERVAL records and computes a time duration. You can specify an interval in terms of years and months, or days and seconds.
记录时间间隔。可以指定年和月或天和秒级别的时间间隔。

来看个例子:
Code Listing 1: Declaring DATE, TIMESTAMP, and INTERVAL variables

DECLARE l_today_date DATE := SYSDATE; l_today_timestamp TIMESTAMP := SYSTIMESTAMP; l_today_timetzone TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE := SYSTIMESTAMP; l_interval1 INTERVAL YEAR (4) TO MONTH := '2011-11'; l_interval2 INTERVAL DAY (2) TO SECOND := '15 00:30:44'; BEGIN null; END; /

2、如何选择使用合适的日期类型?
1)Use one of the TIMESTAMP types if you need to track time down to a fraction of a second.

2)You can, in general, use TIMESTAMP in place of DATE. A time stamp that does not contain subsecond precision takes up 7 bytes of storage, just as a DATE datatype does. When your time stamp does contain subsecond【亚秒】 data, it takes up 11 bytes of storage.

3)Use TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE if you need to keep track of the session time zone in which the data was entered.

4)Use TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE if you want the database to automatically convert a time between the database and session time zones. 自动转换数据库时间和会话时间时区。

5)Use DATE when it’s necessary to maintain compatibility with an existing application written before any of the TIMESTAMP datatypes were introduced. 保持向前兼容性。

3、如何获得当前时间?
相信大多数开发者都是通过SYSDATE函数,但是Oracle数据库还提供了其他一些函数,一起来看一下:

1)会话级别函数:
CURRENT_DATE 返回:DATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP 返回:TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
LOCALTIMESTAMP 返回:TIMESTAMP

2)数据库级别
SYSDATE 返回:DATE
SYSTIMESTAMP 返回:TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE

Code Listing 2: Calls to SYSDATE and SYSTIMESTAMP and the returned values

例如:

BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (SYSDATE); DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (SYSTIMESTAMP); DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (SYSDATE - SYSTIMESTAMP); END; /

Here is the output:

07-AUG-11
07-AUG-11 08.46.16.379000000 AM -05:00
-000000000 00:00:00.379000000

因为我给DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE传递了日期和时间戳,Oracle数据库使用数据库或会话级的默认格式(参数:NLS_DATE_FORMAT)将其隐式转换为字符串。
默认安装数据库时的格式为:DD-MON-YYYY。而默认时间戳格式包含了日期和时区的偏移(offset)。

如何修改?【译者注:以下摘自网络】
1).可以在用户环境变量中指定(LINUX)。 在用户的.bash_profile中增加两句:
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN —要注意这一句必须指定,不然下一句不生效。
export NLS_DATE_FORMAT=’yyyy/mm/dd hh24:mi:ss’
2).在SQLPLUS的glogin.sql文件增加一句: alter session set nls_date_format = ‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss’;
3).直接修改当前会话的日期格式 : alter session set nls_date_format = ‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss’;
4).修改数据库的参数,需要重启数据库后生效 SQL> alter system set nls_date_format=’yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss’ scope=spfile;

4、实现日期到字符串和字符串到日期的转换?

正如to_char函数对于数字一样,我们使用另外一个版本的to_char实现日期或时间戳类型到字符串的转换。

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
MySQL's Place: Databases and ProgrammingMySQL's Place: Databases and ProgrammingApr 13, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL's position in databases and programming is very important. It is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in various application scenarios. 1) MySQL provides efficient data storage, organization and retrieval functions, supporting Web, mobile and enterprise-level systems. 2) It uses a client-server architecture, supports multiple storage engines and index optimization. 3) Basic usages include creating tables and inserting data, and advanced usages involve multi-table JOINs and complex queries. 4) Frequently asked questions such as SQL syntax errors and performance issues can be debugged through the EXPLAIN command and slow query log. 5) Performance optimization methods include rational use of indexes, optimized query and use of caches. Best practices include using transactions and PreparedStatemen

MySQL: From Small Businesses to Large EnterprisesMySQL: From Small Businesses to Large EnterprisesApr 13, 2025 am 12:17 AM

MySQL is suitable for small and large enterprises. 1) Small businesses can use MySQL for basic data management, such as storing customer information. 2) Large enterprises can use MySQL to process massive data and complex business logic to optimize query performance and transaction processing.

What are phantom reads and how does InnoDB prevent them (Next-Key Locking)?What are phantom reads and how does InnoDB prevent them (Next-Key Locking)?Apr 13, 2025 am 12:16 AM

InnoDB effectively prevents phantom reading through Next-KeyLocking mechanism. 1) Next-KeyLocking combines row lock and gap lock to lock records and their gaps to prevent new records from being inserted. 2) In practical applications, by optimizing query and adjusting isolation levels, lock competition can be reduced and concurrency performance can be improved.

MySQL: Not a Programming Language, But...MySQL: Not a Programming Language, But...Apr 13, 2025 am 12:03 AM

MySQL is not a programming language, but its query language SQL has the characteristics of a programming language: 1. SQL supports conditional judgment, loops and variable operations; 2. Through stored procedures, triggers and functions, users can perform complex logical operations in the database.

MySQL: An Introduction to the World's Most Popular DatabaseMySQL: An Introduction to the World's Most Popular DatabaseApr 12, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL is an open source relational database management system, mainly used to store and retrieve data quickly and reliably. Its working principle includes client requests, query resolution, execution of queries and return results. Examples of usage include creating tables, inserting and querying data, and advanced features such as JOIN operations. Common errors involve SQL syntax, data types, and permissions, and optimization suggestions include the use of indexes, optimized queries, and partitioning of tables.

The Importance of MySQL: Data Storage and ManagementThe Importance of MySQL: Data Storage and ManagementApr 12, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL is an open source relational database management system suitable for data storage, management, query and security. 1. It supports a variety of operating systems and is widely used in Web applications and other fields. 2. Through the client-server architecture and different storage engines, MySQL processes data efficiently. 3. Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, inserting, querying and updating data. 4. Advanced usage involves complex queries and stored procedures. 5. Common errors can be debugged through the EXPLAIN statement. 6. Performance optimization includes the rational use of indexes and optimized query statements.

Why Use MySQL? Benefits and AdvantagesWhy Use MySQL? Benefits and AdvantagesApr 12, 2025 am 12:17 AM

MySQL is chosen for its performance, reliability, ease of use, and community support. 1.MySQL provides efficient data storage and retrieval functions, supporting multiple data types and advanced query operations. 2. Adopt client-server architecture and multiple storage engines to support transaction and query optimization. 3. Easy to use, supports a variety of operating systems and programming languages. 4. Have strong community support and provide rich resources and solutions.

Describe InnoDB locking mechanisms (shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks, next-key locks).Describe InnoDB locking mechanisms (shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks, next-key locks).Apr 12, 2025 am 12:16 AM

InnoDB's lock mechanisms include shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks and next key locks. 1. Shared lock allows transactions to read data without preventing other transactions from reading. 2. Exclusive lock prevents other transactions from reading and modifying data. 3. Intention lock optimizes lock efficiency. 4. Record lock lock index record. 5. Gap lock locks index recording gap. 6. The next key lock is a combination of record lock and gap lock to ensure data consistency.

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. How to Fix Audio if You Can't Hear Anyone
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
WWE 2K25: How To Unlock Everything In MyRise
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

mPDF

mPDF

mPDF is a PHP library that can generate PDF files from UTF-8 encoded HTML. The original author, Ian Back, wrote mPDF to output PDF files "on the fly" from his website and handle different languages. It is slower than original scripts like HTML2FPDF and produces larger files when using Unicode fonts, but supports CSS styles etc. and has a lot of enhancements. Supports almost all languages, including RTL (Arabic and Hebrew) and CJK (Chinese, Japanese and Korean). Supports nested block-level elements (such as P, DIV),

DVWA

DVWA

Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software

Dreamweaver Mac version

Dreamweaver Mac version

Visual web development tools

SecLists

SecLists

SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.