在开始讲解如何生成机器代码之前,我们先认识一些重要的数据结构: -- job ; 每个文件对应一个job对象,该对象会在整个流程各个步骤间传递。 job-class: context [ format: ;-- PE | ELF | Mach-o type: ;-- exe | obj | lib | dll target: ;-- CPU identifi
在开始讲解如何生成机器代码之前,我们先认识一些重要的数据结构:
-- job ; 每个文件对应一个job对象,该对象会在整个流程各个步骤间传递。 job-class: context [ format: ;-- 'PE | 'ELF | 'Mach-o type: ;-- 'exe | 'obj | 'lib | 'dll target: ;-- CPU identifier divs: ;-- code/data divs flags: ;-- global flags sub-system: ;-- target environment (GUI | console) symbols: ;-- symbols table buffer: none ] -- globals ; 全局名字空间 -- locals ; 局部名字空间,比如函数内部 locals: none globals: make hash! 40 ;-- [name [type]] -- code-buf ; 存放代码,对应PE文件的代码节,二进制格式存放 -- data-buf ; 存放全局变量,对应PE文件的数据节,二进制格式存放 -- symbols ; 这个就是符号表了,emitter和job引用同一个symbols table code-buf: make binary! 10'000 data-buf: make binary! 10'000 symbols: make hash! 200 ;-- [name [type address [relocs]] ...]上篇文章讲到函数 comp-expression,那就继续吧。
comp-expression expr ;将expr展开,comp-expression [a: 1] comp-expression: func [tree /local name value][ ; tree? 没错,程序的结构本质上是一棵树 switch/default type?/word tree/1 [ set-word! [ name: to-word tree/1 ; name: a value: either block? tree/2 [ ; value: 1 comp-expression tree/2 'last ][ tree/2 ] add-symbol name value ; 将变量 a 放入符号表 ... emitter/target/emit-store name value ; 生成机器码 ] ... ][...] ]看看在函数 add-symbol 中做了些什么?
; add-symbol 'a 1 add-symbol: func [name [word!] value /local type new ctx][ ctx: any [locals globals] ; 在全局名字空间里,ctx: globals unless find ctx name [ type: case [ ; type: integer! ... 'else [type?/word value] ; value: 1 ] append ctx new: reduce [name compose [(type)]] ; append ctx [a [integer!]] if ctx = globals [emitter/set-global new value] ; 跟进函数 emitter/set-global ] ] ; set-global [a [integer!]] 1 set-global: func [spec [block!] value /local type base][ either 'struct! = type: spec/2/1 [ ; spec/2/1: integer! ... ][ base: tail data-buf store-global value select datatypes type ; 最后一个函数了,坚持住! ] spec: reduce [spec/1 reduce ['global (index? base) - 1 make block! 5]] ;-- zero-based ; spec最终的结果是什么? ; 因为 a 是第一个变量,所以开始于 data-buf 的第 0 个字节处 ; spec: [a [global 0 []] append symbols new-line spec yes spec ] datatypes: to-hash [ int8! 1 signed int16! 2 signed int32! 4 signed integer! 4 signed ; select datatypes type "type" 为 integer! int64! 8 signed ... ] ; store-global 1 4 ; 这函数的职责是将数据存放到 data-buf 中。 ; 比如一个整数值为:0x08040201 (十六进制表示) ; 存放在内存中有两种形式:little-endian 和 big-endian ; 存放成哪种形式是由系统架构决定的,x86使用的是little-endian ; 所以要按照如下形式存放:0x01020408 store-global: func [value size /local ptr][ ; 算法细节就不细说了。 ; 好吧,算我偷懒 ;-) ]函数 add-symbol 执行结束,做的事情还不少呢。总结一下:
- 将变量放入符号表。此时符号表内容为 symbols: [ [a [global 0 []] ]
- 将变量放入全局名字空间。此时 globals: [ [a [integer!]] ]
- 将变量 a 的值 1 存入 data-buf。此时 data-buf: #{01000000}
可以看出 add-symbol 并不是一个’好‘函数,一个’好‘的函数职责应该是单一的。不过这是正常的,每个程序员在快速实现软件功能的阶段,都或多或少会写一些这样的代码。但一个优秀的程序员会在以后的迭代中不断改善,去掉这些坏味道。
函数add-symbol返回后,看看comp-expression,只剩下一行代码了,:- ) 这一行代码目的的机器码生成。
emitter/target/emit-store name value ; emit-store 'a 1 ; 目前只实现了IA32目标代码的生成 ; target: do %targets/IA32.r ; 函数 emit-store 在文件 IA32.r 中 emit-store: func [name [word!] value [integer! word! string! struct!] /local spec][ ... switch type?/word value [ integer! [ emit-variable name #{C705} ;-- gcode: MOV [name], value ; (32-bit only!!!) #{C745} ;-- lcode: MOV [ebp+n], value ; (32-bit only!!!) emit to-bin32 value ] ... ] ] emit-variable: func [ name [word!] gcode [binary!] lcode [binary! block!] /local offset ][ ... ;-- global variable case emit gcode emit-reloc-addr emitter/symbols/:name ; emit-reloc-addr [a [global 0 []] ] emit-reloc-addr: func [spec [block!]][ append spec/3 emitter/tail-ptr ;-- 注意这里保存重定位的地址 emit void-ptr ;-- emit void addr #{00000000}, reloc later ... ] emit: func [bin [binary! char! block!]][ append emitter/code-buf bin ]
emitter部分的代码本身不复杂,但要看懂需要有一定的x86汇编语言编程基础。汇编指令对应的机器指令可参考《英特尔? 64 和 IA-32 架构开发人员手册》。结果如下
; 将 1 存放到内存地址 00000000 处。 ; 目前不确定数据段(data-buf)中的变量 a 相对于exe文件开头的位置 ; 这个位置要到最后生成exe文件时,才能确定。 ; 所以使用空指针占位 ; code-buf中内容,注意值 1 按照little-endian格式存放 #{C7050000000001000000} ;-- MOV [00000000], 1 ; 符号表更新,加入了重定位的地址 ; 也就是占位空指针的起始位置,zero-based symbols: [ [a [global 0 [2]] ] ;-- 占位空指针开始于第二个字节处编译器是直接将代码翻译成机器码的,没有像编译原理教程上所说的先生成中间代码,再把中间代码翻译成机器码。直接生成机器码的好处是能够以最快速度的实现编译器,缺点是没法进行有力的优化。不知道大家发现没有,其实我们生产的这一段代码就是多余的。 ; -) 现阶段Red/System的目的是功能的完成,性能不是考虑的重点,所以没有使用中间代码。一但Red完成,使用Red重写Red/System的时候会引入中间代码,从而可以进行各种优化,使Red/System编译生成的程序达到C语言级别的速度。
到目前为止,Compiling部分已经完成。经典的编译原理课程一般到这里为止。接下来的一步称为Linking,也就是将我们的编译结果按照操作系统要求的格式拼装成文件,以便操作系统执行。Windows上使用的是 PE Format (Specification下载), Linux上使用的是
ELF Format (Specification下载)。网络上很多分析 PE 文件格式的文章,基本上都是在Microsoft公开 PE 文件格式之前,大牛们通过逆向工程得到的成果。这里向前辈们表示敬意!现在Microsoft已经公开的详细的文档,强烈建议阅读官方文档。
数据和代码都在data-buf和code-buf中准备好了,拼装成的PE文件格式如下:
+-------------------+ | DOS-stub | +-------------------+ | file-header | +-------------------+ | optional header | <p>当所有文件头(DOS-stub,file-header,optional header和div headers)都生成好以后,code div和data div的相对于文件起始处的偏移地址也就确定了。这时可以将原来预留在code-buf中的占位空指针替换为数据段中变量实际的地址,这个地址是相对于文件起始处的偏移量。函数’resolve-data-refs‘用于完成这个工作。要完成这项工作需要三个结构 data-buf, code-buf 和 symbols。</p> <p>结构 optional header 中包含一个成员 AddressOfEntryPoint,是程序的入口点地址。当Windows系统加载可执行文件的时候,会读取 AddressOfEntryPoint 中的内容,然后跳转的这个地址,开始运行程序。因为我们的代码放在div 1,所以我们把 AddressOfEntryPoint 设置成div 1的地址。</p> <p>整个编译的过程完成了,是不是比想象中的要简单。: -) 当然了,之所以简单是因为我们的编译的程序几乎什么都没做。先对流程有一个总体的认识,能增加深入下去的信心。接下来会讲解稍复杂的部分:控制结构(if, while)以及函数。敬请期待!</p>

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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