欢迎进入IT技术社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入 随着嵌入式技术这几年的迅速发展,在个人电脑平台上正显示出强大市场需求的流媒体技术,目前逐渐有向嵌入式平台转移的趋势。个人便携化、家电化的媒体消费需求,为这次平台的转移提供了市场契机。 I
欢迎进入IT技术社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入
随着嵌入式技术这几年的迅速发展,在个人电脑平台上正显示出强大市场需求的流媒体技术,目前逐渐有向嵌入式平台转移的趋势。个人便携化、家电化的媒体消费需求,为这次平台的转移提供了市场契机。IPTV正是在这场消费革命中处在风口浪尖的焦点。业内大多认为IPTV蕴含了巨大的商业利益,但至今仍鲜有涉足者,其中原因之一是网络速度问题。本文介绍了对等网络技术,即点对点(P2P)技术,将其应用到IPTV网络传输中,可充分利用每一终端的上下行信道,并且不需要路由器等硬件支持组播,可以为IPTV网络传输瓶颈问题提供一种解决方案。
一、对等网络技术
1.对等网络简介
对等网络(peer-to-peer network),常被称为P2P或点对点,是近年来兴起的一种新型网络技术。它在传输方式上打破了传统网络的服务器/客户端(C/S)模式的定式,建立了一种客户端对客户端的直接通信机制,这种通信方式也为未来网络的发展提供了思路。在对等网络中,每一节点既作为客户端,又充当他人的服务器,从某种意义上,每一结点都处在同等地位。对等网络是对分布式概念的成功拓展,它将传统方式下的服务器负担分配到网络中的每一节点上,每一节点都将承担有限的存储与计算任务,加入到网络中的节点越多,节点贡献的资源也就越多,其服务质量也就越高。
反观现在网络上仍占主导地位的C/S服务模式,虽然近年来,终端用户的网络带宽逐年提高,但用户使用感受仍未有大的改观,主要也是由于各大服务器不堪重负,用户数量大幅上升时,服务器甚至有面临崩溃的危险,而此时空闲的链路带宽正被白白浪费掉。而P2P方式的网络服务,正好能充分挖掘网络的空闲资源,不需要增加投入,就能服务更多用户。因而可以看到,对等网络技术的优势是不言而喻的,它将在未来的网络应用中,创造巨大的价值。
2.对等网络的基本结构
对等网络一般按组织结构的不同,分为三种类型。
(1)集中式对等网络
集中式的对等网络其实并不是完全意义上的对等网络,这是一种介于C/S模式与对等网络之间的基于P2P理念的对传统网络方式的拓展。集中式对等网络基于中央目录服务器,为网络中各节目提供目录查询服务,传输内容无需再经过中央服务器。这种网络,结构比较简单,中央服务器的负担大大降低。但由于仍存在中央节点,容易形成传输瓶颈,扩展性也比较差,不适合大型网络。但由于目录集中管理,对于小型网络的管理和控制上倒是一种可选择方案。
(2)无结构分布式网络
无结构分布式网络与集中式的最显著区别在于,它没有中央服务器,所有结点通过与相邻节点间的通信,接入整个网络。在无结构的网络中,节点采用一种查询包的机制来搜索需要的资源。具体的方式为,某节点将包含查询内容的查询包发送到与之相邻的节点,该查询包以扩散的方式在网络中蔓延,由于这样的方式如果不加节制,会造成消息泛滥,因此一般会设置一个适当的生存时间(TTL),在查询的过程中递减,当TTL值为0时,将不再继续发送。
这种无结构的方式,组织方式比较松散,节点的加入与离开比较自由,当查询热门内容时,很容易就能找到,但如果需求的内容比较冷门,较小的TTL不容易找到,而较大的TTL值又容易引起较大的查询流量,尤其当网络范围扩展到一定规模时,即使限制的TTL值较小,仍然会引起流量的剧增。但当网络中存在一些拥有丰富资源的所谓的类服务器节点时,可显著提高查询的效率。
(3)结构化分布式网络
结构化分布式网络,是近几年基于分布式哈希表(Distributed Hash Table)技术的研究成果。它的基本思想是将网络中所有的资源整理成一张巨大的表,表内包含资源的关键字和所存放结点的地址,然后将这张表分割后分别存储到网络中的每一结点中去。当用户在网络中搜索相应的资源时,它将能发现存储与关键词对应的哈希表内容所存放的结点,在该结点中存储了包含所需资源的结点地址,然后发起搜索的结点根据这些地址信息,与对应结点连接并传输资源。这是一种技术上比较先进的对等网络,它具有高度结构化,高可扩展性,结点的加入与离开比较自由。这种方式适合比较大型的网络。
二、对等网络技术在IPTV中的应用
1.IPTV的现状
国内IPTV与P2P一直是沿着两个不同的方向发展。由于IPTV与传统电视收看方式相似,基本上被看作是有线电视(CATV)或数字电视(DVB)的升级,因而在设计思路上沿用了与之类似的中央服务器的模式。在传统的方式中,网络基本上是广播式的单向信道,即客户端没有能力或只有很少能力发送上行信息,在这种方式下,所有的服务内容由中央服务器发送,所有的处理工作完全由中央服务器完成,无法实现P2P的连接。
为了在C/S模式下解决IPTV中的服务器瓶颈问题,目前的方案大多拟采用组播技术,以及配合中央服务器一边缘服务器的内容分发策略(CDS)来实现。
组播技术也是近年来十分热门的,优于广播方式的网络中一点对多点传输服务技术。在传统的一点对多点通信中,服务器对每一个请求连接的客户端都要建立独立的连接,一般的服务器最大能提供的连接数量是相当有限的,因此这种方式并不适合媒体服务。广播方式下,可以不用为每个用户建立相应的
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SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

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