ACID数据库事务正确执行的四个基本要素 ACID,指数据库事务正确执行的四个基本要素的缩写。包含:原子性(Atomicity)、一致性(Consistency)、隔离性(Isolation)、持久性(Durability)。一个支持事务(Transaction)的数据库系统,必需要具有这四种特性
ACID——数据库事务正确执行的四个基本要素
ACID,指数据库事务正确执行的四个基本要素的缩写。包含:原子性(Atomicity)、一致性(Consistency)、隔离性(Isolation)、持久性(Durability)。一个支持事务(Transaction)的数据库系统,必需要具有这四种特性,否则在事务过程(Transaction processing)当中无法保证数据的正确性,交易过程极可能达不到交易
原子性:一个事务(transaction)中的所有操作,要么全部完成,要么全部不完成,不会结束在中间某个环节。事务在执行过程中发生错误,会被回滚(Rollback)到事务开始前的状态,就像这个事务从来没有执行过一样。
一致性:在事务开始之前和事务结束以后,数据库的完整性没有被破坏。这表示写入的资料必须完全符合所有的默认规则,这包含资料的精确度、串联性以及后续数据库可以自发性地完成预定的工作。
隔离性:当两个或者多个事务并发访问(此处访问指查询和修改的操作)数据库的同一数据时所表现出的相互关系。事务隔离分为不同级别,包括读未提交(Read uncommitted)、读提交(read committed)、可重复读(repeatable read)和串行化(Serializable)。
持久性:在事务完成以后,该事务对数据库所作的更改便持久地保存在数据库之中,并且是完全的。
由于一项操作通常会包含许多子操作,而这些子操作可能会因为硬件的损坏或其他因素产生问题,要正确实现ACID并不容易。ACID建议数据库将所有需要更新以及修改的资料一次操作完毕,但实际上并不可行。
目前主要有两种方式实现ACID:第一种是Write ahead logging,也就是日志式的方式。第二种是Shadow paging。
Write ahead logging(预写日志):
1、事务所引起的所有改动都要记录在日志中,在事务提交完成之前,所有的这些记录必须被写入硬盘;
2、一个数据库的缓冲页直到被记入日志后才能发生修改。直到缓冲页对应的日志被写入磁盘之后,该缓冲页才会存入磁盘;
3、当缓冲页被修改和日志被更新的时候,在也上必须加上互斥锁,以保证改动被记录到日志中的顺序与它发生的顺序是一致的。
以上规则的结果:
1、如果一条日志记录未被存入硬盘,则它可以被忽略,因为该日志中包含的改动一定属于未提交的事务。此外,这样的日志不能反映已持久化在数据库中的改动;
2、日志记录按顺序记录系统的改动。加锁协议(latch protocol)保证如果有对于同一页改动的两条日志记录,则两条记录的顺序反映对页发生改变的顺序。

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