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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL学习9:详解MySQL中的外键约束

MySQL学习9:详解MySQL中的外键约束

Jun 07, 2016 pm 02:50 PM
mysqlmainforeign keystudyconstraintexplainDetailed explanation

本篇主要讲解MySQL中的外键约束。 一约束概述 创建约束的目的就是保证数据的完整性和一致性。约束根据约束针对的字段的数目的多少划分为表级约束和列级 约束。 如果约束按照功能来划分的话刻印划分为:NOT NULL(非空约束)、PRIMARYKEY(主键约束)、UNIQUE KEY

        本篇主要讲解MySQL中的外键约束。

         一约束概述

        创建约束的目的就是保证数据的完整性和一致性。约束根据约束针对的字段的数目的多少划分为表级约束和列级

约束。

        如果约束按照功能来划分的话刻印划分为:NOT NULL(非空约束)、PRIMARY KEY(主键约束)、UNIQUE 

KEY(唯一约束)、DEFAULT(默认约束)和FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)。

        在前面我们已经初步涉及到了除外键约束之外的四个约束,这一次我们来谈谈最复杂的外键约束。

        二外键约束的要求

        FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)

       创建外键约束的目的是保持数据一致性,完整性;以及实现一对一或一对多关系。由于外键约束相较于其它四个

约束复杂,因此外键约束的要求有以下:

       1)父表和子表必须使用相同的存储引擎,而且禁止使用临时表。说到父表和子表,看看它们的定义:子表指的是

具有外键列的表称为子表;父表指的是子表所参照的表称为父表。

       2)数据表的存储引擎只能为InnoDB。

       3)外键列和参照列必须具有相似的数据类型。其中数字的长度或是否有符号位必须相同;而字符的长度则可以不

同。说到外键列和参照列,先来看看定义:外键列指的是列上加FOREIGN KEY关键字的列称为外键列;参照列指的

是外键列所参照的列称为参照列。

       4)外键列和参照列必须创建索引。如果外键不存在索引的话,MySQL将自动创建索引。如果参照列不存在索引的

话,MySQL不会自动创建索引。

       三存储引擎

       由于创建外键约束需要了解存储引擎,这里只是简单说明一下。

       (1)什么是存储引擎

       存储引擎也叫表类型,指的是数据表的存储机制、索引方案等配套相关功能。不同引擎由于处理方式不同,会带

来不同的功能或者功能的优化,根据实际需要选择合适的存储引擎。存储引擎类型分为MyISAM与InnoDB。

       (2)MyISAM与InnoDB区别

       1)InnoDB支持外键,MyISAM不支持。

       2)MyISAM每个表会生成3个文件: table.MYI(索引文件)、table.MYD(数据文件)、table.frm(表结构文件)

       Innodb每个表只有一个table.frm文件,所有的Innodb引擎的表的数据将存放在ibdata*里面。

       3)MyISAM支持表级锁,优势在于插入和检索,Innodb支持行级锁,优势在于更新和删除。

       4)Innodb支持事务。

       (3)编辑数据表的默认存储引擎

       1)首先在MySQL安装目录中找到MySQL的配置文件MY.ini,双击打开;


       2)查看是否有:default-storage-engine=INNODB


       3)修改后需要重新启动MySQL服务,否则不用重新启动。

       四创建外键约束

       (1)创建一个省份数据表作为父表,然后查看数据表的创建信息确认是否引擎为InnoDB:

       CREATE TABLE provinces(

          id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

          pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL

       ); 

       SHOW CREATE TABLE provinces;


       由此我们保证了创建数据表的时候保证了数据表使用的是默认引擎InnoDB。下面的users表同样也是InnoDB。

       (2)使用外键约束创建另一个相似的数据表作为子表。

       CREATE TABLE users(

          id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

          username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,

          pid BIGINT,

          FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id)

        ); 

       以上创建数据表会有错误信息:需要保证数据类型一致。

       修改为数据类型一致,默认为有符号位:

       CREATE TABLE users(

          id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

          username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,

          pid SMALLINT,

          FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id)

       ); 

      依然会有错误信息:这一次是是否保持相同的有无符号位。

      修改为一致的数据类和是否有符号位:

       CREATE TABLE users(

           id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

           username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,

           pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED,

           FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id)

      ); 


       创建数据表的过程我们知道了子表是users,父表是provinces;子表users中的pid是外键列,父表provinces中的

id字段是参照列。由此我们保证了外键列和参照列必须具有相似的数据类型。

       (3)查看外键列和参照列是否创建索引

       1)查看父表provinces中的参照列id是否自动创建索引:

       SHOW INDEXES FROM provinces;

       SHOW INDEXES FROM provinces\G;


       以上均表明参照列已经创建索引,我们更习惯看出索引列的是第二种命令,因此一般我们会使用后者。

       2)再来查看外键列是否创建索引

       SHOW INDEXES FROM users\G;


       以上结果表明数据表users存在两个索引列,一个是users表的id字段,一个是外键列pid字段,它的参照列是父表

provinces中的参照列id字段。

       我们也可以查看user表中的pid是不是外键列

       SHOW CREATE TABLE users;


        由此证明users数据表中的pid字段的确是外键约束,经过以上步骤我们成功的使用了外键约束。还有许多关系与

外键约束的操作,我们就不再过多的介绍。




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