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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial跟我一起学习MySQL技术内幕(第五版):(第三章学习日记3)

3.2MySQL数据类型 3.2.1数据类型概述 3.2.2表定义里的特殊列类型 3.2.3指定列的默认值 ——————————————————————————————— 3.2.1数据类型概述 MySQL数字类型包括整数,定点数,浮点数和位值。除bit外其他的数据类型可以带有正

3.2MySQL数据类型
3.2.1数据类型概述
3.2.2表定义里的特殊列类型
3.2.3指定列的默认值
———————————————————————————————
3.2.1数据类型概述

MySQL数字类型包括整数,定点数,浮点数和位值。除bit外其他的数据类型可以带有正负号,也可以不带正负号。

<code>类型名称               含义
tinyint               非常小的整数
smallint              小整数
mediumint             中等大小的整数
int                   标准的整数
bigint                大整数
decimal               定点数
float                 单精度浮点数
double                双精度浮点数
bit                   位域
</code>

字符串可以容纳任何内容,可以容纳表示图像和声音的二进制数据,可以按照大写进行比较,也可以进行模式匹配。

<code>类型名称               含义
char                  固定长度的非二进制字符串
varchar               可变长度的非二进制串
binary                固定长度的二进制串
varbinary             可变长度的二进制串
tinyblob              非常小型的blob(二进制大对象)
blob                  小型blob
mediumblob            中型blob
longblob              大型blob
tinytext              非常小型的非二进制串
text                  小型非二进制串
mediutext             中等大小的非二进制串
longtext              大型非二进制串
enum                  枚举集合
set                   集合(每个列取值可以为若干个集合元素)
</code>

时态类型:
MySQL提供的类型有:
日期与时间(合并或者分开表示)
时间戳(专门记载某个行最近一次修改时间的类型)

<code>类型名称              含义
date                 日期值,格式为‘ccyy-mm-dd’
time                 时间值,格式为‘hh:mm:ss’
datetime             日期加时间值,格式为‘ccyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss’
timestamp            时间戳值,格式为‘ccyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss’
year                 年份值,格式为ccyy或yy 
</code>

分别表示:

<code>        cc      yy       mm     dd      hh      mm      ss      
        世纪、   年、      月 、   日   、 小时  、 分钟   、秒
</code>

3.2.2表定义里的特殊 列 类型

<code class=" hljs sql"><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">create</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> mytabl1
(
   f <span class="hljs-keyword">float</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>,<span class="hljs-number">4</span>),
   c <span class="hljs-keyword">char</span> (<span class="hljs-number">15</span>)  <span class="hljs-keyword">not</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> <span class="hljs-string">'none'</span>
   i tinyint unsigned <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>
);</span></code>

列定义的语法如下:

<code class=" hljs bash">col_name col_<span class="hljs-built_in">type</span> [<span class="hljs-built_in">type</span>_attrs] [general_attrs]</code>

col_type表示列类型,即表明这一列可以用来容纳何种类型的值。
1.有些类型说明符会表明存储在列里的值所允许的最大长度(char(10))
2.有些类型说明符允许长度隐含在名称里(tinytext)
3.有些类型说明符允许你指定一个最大显示宽度
4.对于定点类型和浮点类型,还可以指定有效位和小数位

在列的数据类型后面,除了指定多个通用属性外,还可以指定一些类型特有的可选属性。这些属性的作用是对该类型做进一步的修饰和限定

<code>1.所允许的特有类型取决于具体的数据类型   
2.通用属性可用于任何一种数据类型
3.如果存在多个属性,通常将数据类型特有的属性放在通用属性的前面
</code>

3.2.3指定列的默认值

除了blob与text类型、空间类型或者具有auto_increment属性的列以外,

还可以指定default def_value 子句.用以表明创建新的行时,如果没有显示地指定某个值,该列将会被默认值 def_value

除了timestamp列和datetime列有限制以外,这里的默认值def_value必须是一个常量。他不能为表达式,也不能引用其他列

如果没有显式包含default子句,且该列允许为null值,那么其默认值为NULL

如果该列不允许为NULL值,也没有default子句,这就会影响MySQL对列的处理:

<code>1.如果没有启用SQL的严格模式,这列将会被设置成其数据类型的隐含默认值。
2.启用SQL严格模式之后,如果表是事务性的,就会出现错误。这条语句会中止执行,然后回滚。对于非事务性的表,
如果这行是该语句插入的第一个行,那么会出现一个错误,该语句中止执行,
如果不是第一行,那么可以选择中止执行,或选择把这列设置为它的隐含默认值,同时发出一条警告信息
</code>

列的隐含默认值取决于它的数据类型。

<code>1.对于数字列(不包含那些具有auto_increment属性的列),其默认值为0.
  对于auto_increment列,默认值是下一个列的列序号。
2.对于大多数时态类型列,其默认值为该类型的“零”值
  对于enum列,默认值为枚举集里的第一个元素,
  对于set列,如果不允许NULL值,默认值将是一个空集不过它等价于空串。              
</code>
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