


linux用户密码存放在“/etc/shadow”文件中。“/etc/shadow”文件又称为“影子文件”,用于存储Linux系统中用户的密码信息;该文件只有root用户拥有读权限,其他用户没有任何权限,这样就保证了用户密码的安全性。
本教程操作环境:linux7.3系统、Dell G3电脑。
linux用户密码存放在“/etc/shadow”文件中。
Linux /etc/shadow(影子文件)
/etc/shadow 文件,用于存储 Linux 系统中用户的密码信息,又称为“影子文件”。
由于/etc/passwd 文件允许所有用户读取,易导致用户密码泄露,因此 Linux 系统将用户的密码信息从 /etc/passwd 文件中分离出来,并单独放到了此文件中。
/etc/shadow 文件只有 root 用户拥有读权限,其他用户没有任何权限,这样就保证了用户密码的安全性。
注意,如果这个文件的权限发生了改变,则需要注意是否是恶意攻击。
执行如下命令,打开/etc/shadow 文件看看:
vim /etc/shadow root: $6$9w5Td6lg $bgpsy3olsq9WwWvS5Sst2W3ZiJpuCGDY.4w4MRk3ob/i85fl38RH15wzVoom ff9isV1 PzdcXmixzhnMVhMxbvO:15775:0:99999:7::: bin:*:15513:0:99999:7::: daemon:*:15513:0:99999:7::: …省略部分输出…
同 /etc/passwd 文件一样,文件中每行代表一个用户,同样使用 ":" 作为分隔符,不同之处在于,每行用户信息被划分为 9 个字段。每个字段的含义如下:
用户名:加密密码:最后一次修改时间:最小修改时间间隔:密码有效期:密码需要变更前的警告天数:密码过期后的宽限时间:账号失效时间:保留字段
修改密码:passwd
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passwd
命令用于更新/etc/shadow
文件中用户的身份验证令牌。
# 当前用户修改密码,直接使用passwd passwd # 为其他用户修改密码 passwd 用户名
锁定用户的密码
禁用用户passwd
命令用于更新/etc/shadow
文件中用户的身份验证令牌。
https://www.php.cn/link/42c4d9f00d36696504b5d3f76c5dd154
# 锁定用户的密码 passwd -l daygeek ## 回显 Locking password for user daygeek. passwd: Success # 查看用户的密码锁定状态 passwd -S daygeek # 解锁用户的密码 passwd -u daygeek
查看账号的密码状态
# 查看账号的密码状态 passwd -S root
帐户密码状态的简短信息。
- LK:密码被锁定
- NP:没有设置密码
- PS:密码已设置
非交互式修改密码
单引号' '
,双引号" "
的区别
:
- 单引号
' '
剥夺了所有字符的特殊含义,单引号' '
内就变成了单纯的字符。 - 双引号
" "
则对于双引号" "
内的参数替换($)
和命令替换(``)
是个例外。
# 用echo写入新密码到passwd中 ## passwd --stdin:从标准输入(比如管道)写入密码 # echo双引号不要使用特殊字符,比如!,会被转义 ## echo使用单引号,引号内的字符不会被转义 echo '新密码'|passwd --stdin 用户名 # Ubuntu不支持 --stdin参数,可以使用替代命令 echo user:pass | chpasswd
删除用户的密码
## -d 删除已有密码 passwd -d 用户名
修改帐号和密码的有效期限chage
[root@localhost ~]# chage --help 用法:chage [选项] 登录 选项: -d, --lastday 最近日期 将最近一次密码设置时间设为“最近日期” -E, --expiredate 过期日期 将帐户过期时间设为“过期日期” -h, --help 显示此帮助信息并推出 -I, --inactive INACITVE 过期 INACTIVE 天数后,设定密码为失效状态 -l, --list 显示帐户年龄信息 -m, --mindays 最小天数 将两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数设为“最小天数” -M, --maxdays 最大天数 将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数” -R, --root CHROOT_DIR chroot 到的目录 -W, --warndays 警告天数 将过期警告天数设为“警告天数”
使用-l参数列出用户密码过期的设置:
# 查看上次密码的修改时间 # 查看密码过期配置 chage -l root
修改密码有效期
# 修改testt用户密码信息,设置最大有效期为120天,最小有效期为7天 ## -M, --maxdays 最大天数 将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数” ## -m, --mindays 最小天数 将两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数设为“最小天数” chage -M 120 -m 7 test
设置密码有效期到指定日期
# test这个账号的有效期是2014-09-30 ## -E, --expiredate 过期日期 将帐户过期时间设为“过期日期” chage -E '2014-09-30' test
修改为密码永不过期
# 修改用户的密码有效期为永久(5个9) ## -M, --maxdays 最大天数 将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数” chage -M 99999 用户名
使密码立即失效
# 使密码立即失效 # 强制要求用户登陆时修改密码 ## -d, --lastday 最近日期 将最近一次密码设置时间设为“最近日期” chage -d 0 用户名 # 查看密码过期时间 [root@localhost ~]# chage -l use1 最近一次密码修改时间 :密码必须修改 密码过期时间 :密码必须修改 密码失效时间 :密码必须修改 帐户过期时间 :从不 两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数 :0 两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数 :99999 在密码过期之前警告的天数 :7
使用openssl生成密码
查看支持的加密算法
[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd --help Usage: passwd [options] Valid options are: -help Display this summary -in infile Read passwords from file -noverify Never verify when reading password from terminal -quiet No warnings -table Format output as table -reverse Switch table columns -salt val Use provided salt -stdin Read passwords from stdin -6 SHA512-based password algorithm -5 SHA256-based password algorithm -apr1 MD5-based password algorithm, Apache variant -1 MD5-based password algorithm -aixmd5 AIX MD5-based password algorithm -crypt Standard Unix password algorithm (default) -rand val Load the file(s) into the random number generator -writerand outfile Write random data to the specified file
使用sha512算法生成密码
[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6 Password: # 提示输入密码 Verifying - Password: # 确认密码 # 生成的加密后的密码 $6$hkf.tpoz/woyZn1c$ArDSHie9USt44nnqymqL6OZWKsI3e0WWl4NedhfmQOlSEN6er18SYSfyGnvxQmEgC81DLKuERhqDm5Ei3iIDw0
给密码加盐(-salt)
使用-salt 字符串 给密码加盐
不同的盐,密码相同,算法相同,密文不同
相同的盐,密码相同,算法相同,密文相同
# 加盐rhel生成密码密文 [student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6 -salt rhel Password: # 输入密码 ## 生成的密文 $6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0 # 再次实验加盐rhel生成密文 [student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6 -salt rhel Password: # 输入密码 ## 生成的密文与上次密文完全一致 $6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0
密文分段详解
$6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0 ## $6 表示加密算法sha512 ## $rhel 表示盐时rhel ## 第三个$之后才是 算法+盐+原密码 生成的密文
配置创建新用户的密码策略
修改密码最大有效期为20天
vim /etc/login.defs ## 修改默认密码策略为20天后过期 PASS_MAX_DAYS 20
相关推荐:《Linux视频教程》
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