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HomeOperation and MaintenanceLinux Operation and MaintenanceIn which file are linux user passwords stored?

linux用户密码存放在“/etc/shadow”文件中。“/etc/shadow”文件又称为“影子文件”,用于存储Linux系统中用户的密码信息;该文件只有root用户拥有读权限,其他用户没有任何权限,这样就保证了用户密码的安全性。

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

本教程操作环境:linux7.3系统、Dell G3电脑。

linux用户密码存放在“/etc/shadow”文件中。

Linux /etc/shadow(影子文件)

/etc/shadow 文件,用于存储 Linux 系统中用户的密码信息,又称为“影子文件”。

由于/etc/passwd 文件允许所有用户读取,易导致用户密码泄露,因此 Linux 系统将用户的密码信息从 /etc/passwd 文件中分离出来,并单独放到了此文件中。

/etc/shadow 文件只有 root 用户拥有读权限,其他用户没有任何权限,这样就保证了用户密码的安全性。

注意,如果这个文件的权限发生了改变,则需要注意是否是恶意攻击。

执行如下命令,打开/etc/shadow 文件看看:

vim /etc/shadow
root: $6$9w5Td6lg
$bgpsy3olsq9WwWvS5Sst2W3ZiJpuCGDY.4w4MRk3ob/i85fl38RH15wzVoom ff9isV1 PzdcXmixzhnMVhMxbvO:15775:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:15513:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:15513:0:99999:7:::
…省略部分输出…

同 /etc/passwd 文件一样,文件中每行代表一个用户,同样使用 ":" 作为分隔符,不同之处在于,每行用户信息被划分为 9 个字段。每个字段的含义如下:

用户名:加密密码:最后一次修改时间:最小修改时间间隔:密码有效期:密码需要变更前的警告天数:密码过期后的宽限时间:账号失效时间:保留字段

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

修改密码:passwd

https://www.php.cn/link/08af0398d15fb438a439f024e443b059
https://www.php.cn/link/0f443201cbd1f35c5b374a282180e210

passwd命令用于更新/etc/shadow文件中用户的身份验证令牌。

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

# 当前用户修改密码,直接使用passwd
passwd

# 为其他用户修改密码
passwd 用户名

锁定用户的密码

禁用用户
passwd命令用于更新/etc/shadow文件中用户的身份验证令牌。

https://www.php.cn/link/42c4d9f00d36696504b5d3f76c5dd154

# 锁定用户的密码
passwd -l daygeek
## 回显
Locking password for user daygeek.
passwd: Success

# 查看用户的密码锁定状态
passwd -S daygeek

# 解锁用户的密码
passwd -u daygeek

查看账号的密码状态

# 查看账号的密码状态
passwd -S root

帐户密码状态的简短信息。

  • LK:密码被锁定
  • NP:没有设置密码
  • PS:密码已设置

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

非交互式修改密码

单引号' ',双引号" "区别:

  • 单引号' '剥夺了所有字符的特殊含义,单引号' '内就变成了单纯的字符。
  • 双引号" "则对于双引号" "内的参数替换($)和命令替换(``)是个例外。
# 用echo写入新密码到passwd中
## passwd --stdin:从标准输入(比如管道)写入密码

# echo双引号不要使用特殊字符,比如!,会被转义
## echo使用单引号,引号内的字符不会被转义
echo '新密码'|passwd --stdin 用户名

# Ubuntu不支持 --stdin参数,可以使用替代命令
echo user:pass | chpasswd

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

删除用户的密码

## -d	删除已有密码
passwd -d 用户名

修改帐号和密码的有效期限chage

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

[root@localhost ~]# chage --help
用法:chage [选项] 登录

选项:
  -d, --lastday 最近日期        将最近一次密码设置时间设为“最近日期”
  -E, --expiredate 过期日期     将帐户过期时间设为“过期日期”
  -h, --help                    显示此帮助信息并推出
  -I, --inactive INACITVE       过期 INACTIVE 天数后,设定密码为失效状态
  -l, --list                    显示帐户年龄信息
  -m, --mindays 最小天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数设为“最小天数”
  -M, --maxdays 最大天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数”
  -R, --root CHROOT_DIR         chroot 到的目录
  -W, --warndays 警告天数       将过期警告天数设为“警告天数”

使用-l参数列出用户密码过期的设置:

# 查看上次密码的修改时间
# 查看密码过期配置
chage -l root

In which file are linux user passwords stored?

修改密码有效期

# 修改testt用户密码信息,设置最大有效期为120天,最小有效期为7天
## -M, --maxdays 最大天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数”
## -m, --mindays 最小天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数设为“最小天数”
chage -M 120 -m 7 test

设置密码有效期到指定日期

# test这个账号的有效期是2014-09-30
## -E, --expiredate 过期日期     将帐户过期时间设为“过期日期”
chage -E '2014-09-30' test

修改为密码永不过期

# 修改用户的密码有效期为永久(5个9)
## -M, --maxdays 最大天数        将两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数设为“最大天数”
chage -M 99999 用户名

使密码立即失效

# 使密码立即失效
# 强制要求用户登陆时修改密码
## -d, --lastday 最近日期        将最近一次密码设置时间设为“最近日期”
chage -d 0 用户名

# 查看密码过期时间
[root@localhost ~]# chage -l use1
最近一次密码修改时间                             :密码必须修改
密码过期时间                                    :密码必须修改
密码失效时间                                    :密码必须修改
帐户过期时间                                            :从不
两次改变密码之间相距的最小天数          :0
两次改变密码之间相距的最大天数          :99999
在密码过期之前警告的天数        :7

使用openssl生成密码

查看支持的加密算法

[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd --help
Usage: passwd [options]
Valid options are:
 -help               Display this summary
 -in infile          Read passwords from file
 -noverify           Never verify when reading password from terminal
 -quiet              No warnings
 -table              Format output as table
 -reverse            Switch table columns
 -salt val           Use provided salt
 -stdin              Read passwords from stdin
 -6                  SHA512-based password algorithm
 -5                  SHA256-based password algorithm
 -apr1               MD5-based password algorithm, Apache variant
 -1                  MD5-based password algorithm
 -aixmd5             AIX MD5-based password algorithm
 -crypt              Standard Unix password algorithm (default)
 -rand val           Load the file(s) into the random number generator
 -writerand outfile  Write random data to the specified file

使用sha512算法生成密码

[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6
Password:							# 提示输入密码
Verifying - Password:				# 确认密码

# 生成的加密后的密码
$6$hkf.tpoz/woyZn1c$ArDSHie9USt44nnqymqL6OZWKsI3e0WWl4NedhfmQOlSEN6er18SYSfyGnvxQmEgC81DLKuERhqDm5Ei3iIDw0

给密码加盐(-salt)

使用-salt 字符串 给密码加盐
不同的盐,密码相同,算法相同,密文不同
相同的盐,密码相同,算法相同,密文相同

# 加盐rhel生成密码密文
[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6 -salt rhel
Password:				# 输入密码
## 生成的密文
$6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0

# 再次实验加盐rhel生成密文
[student@workstation data-secret]$ openssl passwd -6 -salt rhel
Password:				# 输入密码
## 生成的密文与上次密文完全一致
$6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0

密文分段详解

$6$rhel$2JncQy/NAQr4GHoVgz49YGRni8lXx3jakLxYxEBcTYLN8hh7Nu9fJc4zSbRhiJmv0vBlB6W3YyQp.nLZo8MCy0
## $6 表示加密算法sha512
## $rhel 表示盐时rhel
## 第三个$之后才是 算法+盐+原密码 生成的密文

配置创建新用户的密码策略

修改密码最大有效期为20天

vim /etc/login.defs

## 修改默认密码策略为20天后过期
PASS_MAX_DAYS 20

相关推荐:《Linux视频教程

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