在 Ubuntu 16.04 上配置 Bro：网络分析的有力工具

导读	Bro 是一个开源的网络分析框架，侧重于网络安全监控。这是一项长达 15 年的研究成果，被各大学、研究实验室、超级计算机中心和许多开放科学界广泛使用。它主要由伯克利国际计算机科学研究所和伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校的国家超级计算机应用中心开发。

Bro 的功能包括：

• Bro 的脚本语言支持针对站点定制监控策略
• 针对高性能网络
• 分析器支持许多协议，可以在应用层面实现高级语义分析
• 它保留了其所监控的网络的丰富的应用层统计信息
• Bro 能够与其他应用程序接口实时地交换信息
• 它的日志全面地记录了一切信息，并提供网络活动的高级存档

本教程将介绍如何从源代码构建，并在 Ubuntu 16.04 服务器上安装 Bro。

准备工作

Bro 有许多依赖文件:

• Libpcap (http://www.tcpdump.org)
• OpenSSL 库 (http://www.openssl.org)
• BIND8 库
• Libz
• Bash (BroControl 所需要)
• Python 2.6+ (BroControl 所需要)

从源代码构建还需要：

• CMake 2.8+
• Make
• GCC 4.8+ or Clang 3.3+
• SWIG
• GNU Bison
• Flex
• Libpcap headers
• OpenSSL headers
• zlib headers

起步

首先，通过执行以下命令来安装所有必需的依赖项：

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span> <span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">apt-get</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> install cmake </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">make</span> <span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">gcc</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> g</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">++</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> flex bison libpcap</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">-</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dev libssl</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">-</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dev python</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">-</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dev swig zlib1g</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">-</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dev</span>

安装定位 IP 地理位置的 GeoIP 数据库

Bro 使用 GeoIP 的定位地理位置。安装 IPv4 和 IPv6 版本：

<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">wget</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> http</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">:</span><span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">//geolite.maxmind.com/download/geoip/database/GeoLiteCity.dat.gz</span>
<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">$wget http</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">:</span><span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">//geolite.maxmind.com/download/geoip/database/GeoLiteCityv6-beta/GeoLiteCityv6.dat.gz</span>

解压这两个压缩包：

<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">$ gzip </span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">-</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">d </span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">GeoLiteCity</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dat</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">gz</span>
<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">$ gzip </span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">-</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">d </span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">GeoLiteCityv6</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dat</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">gz</span>

将解压后的文件移动到

/usr/share/GeoIP

目录下：

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> mvGeoLiteCity</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dat </span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">usr</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">share</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">GeoIP</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">GeoIPCity</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dat</span>
<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span> <span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">mv</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">GeoLiteCityv6</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dat </span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">usr</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">share</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">GeoIP</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">GeoIPCityv6</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">dat</span>

现在，可以从源代码构建 Bro 了。

构建 Bro

最新的 Bro 开发版本可以通过 "git"仓库获得。执行以下命令：

$ git clone --recursive git://git.bro.org/bro

转到克隆下来的目录，然后使用以下命令就可以简单地构建 Bro：

<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">cd</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> bro</span>
<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">$ </span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">./</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">configure</span>
<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">make</span>
make

命令需要一些时间来构建一切。确切的时间取决于服务器的性能。
可以使用一些参数来执行"configure" 脚本，以指定要构建的依赖关系，特别是"--with-*"选项。

安装 Bro

在克隆的 "bro" 目录中执行：

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span> <span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">make</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> install</span>

默认安装路径为"/usr/local/bro"。

配置 Bro

Bro 的配置文件位于 "/usr/local/bro/etcV 目录下。 这里有三个文件:

• node.cfg，用于配置要监视的单个节点（或多个节点）。
• broctl.cfg，BroControl 的配置文件。
• networks.cgf，包含一个使用 CIDR 标记法表示的网络列表。

配置邮件设置

打开 "broctl.cfg"配置文件:

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> $EDITOR </span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">usr</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">local</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bro</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">etc</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">broctl</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">cfg</span>

查看 "Mail Options"选项，并编辑 "MailTo" 行如下:

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Recipient</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> address </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">for</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> emails sent out by </span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Bro</span> <span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">and</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">BroControl</span>
<span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">MailTo</span> <span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> admin@example</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">com</span>

保存并关闭。还有许多其他选项，但在大多数情况下，默认值就足够好了。

选择要监视的节点

开箱即用，Bro 被配置为以独立模式运行。在本教程中，我们就是做一个独立的安装，所以没有必要改变。但是，也请查看 "node.cfg"配置文件：

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> $EDITOR </span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">usr</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">local</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bro</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">etc</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">node</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">cfg</span>

在 "[bro]" 部分，你应该看到这样的东西：

<span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bro</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">]</span>
<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">type</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">standalone</span>
<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">host</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">localhost</span>
<span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">interface</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">eth0</span>

请确保"inferface" 与 Ubuntu 16.04 服务器的公网接口相匹配。
保存并退出。

配置监视节点的网络

最后一个要编辑的文件是 "network.cfg"。使用文本编辑器打开它：

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> $EDITOR </span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">usr</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">local</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bro</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">etc</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">networks</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">cfg</span>

默认情况下，你应该看到以下内容：

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">List</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> of </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">local</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> networks </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> CIDR notation</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> optionally followed by a</span>
<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> descriptive tag</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span>
<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">#</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">For</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> example</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">,</span> <span class="str" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">"10.0.0.0/8"</span> <span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">or</span> <span class="str" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">"fe80::/64"</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> are valid prefixes</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span>
<span style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> </span>
<span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">10.0</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">0.0</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">8</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Private</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> IP space</span>
<span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">172.16</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">0.0</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">12</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Private</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> IP space</span>
<span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">192.168</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">0.0</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">16</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Private</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> IP space</span>

删除这三个条目（这只是如何使用此文件的示例），并输入服务器的公用和专用 IP 空间，格式如下：

<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X </span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Public</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> IP space</span>
<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">X </span><span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Private</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"> IP space</span>

保存并退出。

使用 BroControl 管理 Bro 的安装

管理 Bro 需要使用 BroControl，它支持交互式 shell 和命令行工具两种形式。启动该 shell：

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"># /usr/</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">local</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bro</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bin</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">broctl</span>

要想使用命令行工具，只需将参数传递给上一个命令，例如：

<span class="com" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;"># /usr/</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">local</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bro</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bin</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">/</span><span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">broctl status</span>

这将通过显示以下的输出来检查 Bro 的状态：

<span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Name</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Type</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Host</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Status</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Pid</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Started</span>
<span class="pln" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">bro standalone localhost running </span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">6807</span> <span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">20</span> <span class="typ" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">Jul</span> <span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">12</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">:</span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">30</span><span class="pun" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">:</span><span class="lit" style="font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;">50</span>

结论

这是一篇 Bro 的安装教程。我们使用基于源代码的安装，因为它是获得可用的最新版本的最有效的方法，但是该网络分析框架也可以下载预构建的二进制格式文件。
下次见！

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