在 Java API 的开发中,鉴权是不可避免的问题。OAuth2 是一种流行的鉴权方式,它通过授权访问来保护 API 资源。本文将介绍如何在 Java API 开发中使用 OAuth2 进行鉴权。
OAuth2 简介
OAuth2 是一种用于授权的开放标准,它允许用户授权第三方应用程序访问他们的服务器资源,而不必分享他们的凭据。OAuth2 标准包括以下角色:
OAuth2 的授权过程包括以下步骤:
OAuth2 支持多种授权类型,包括授权码模式、密码模式、客户端模式、隐式授权模式等。在 Java API 开发中,通常使用授权码模式和密码模式。
OAuth2 授权码模式
授权码模式是 OAuth2 中最常用的授权类型,它包含以下步骤:
在 Java API 开发中,可以使用 Spring Security OAuth2 框架实现授权码模式的鉴权。
首先,需要在 pom.xml 文件中添加以下依赖项:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.security.oauth</groupId> <artifactId>spring-security-oauth2</artifactId> <version>2.3.4.RELEASE</version> </dependency>
然后,在 Spring MVC 的配置文件中添加以下配置:
<security:http pattern="/oauth/token" create-session="stateless" authentication-manager-ref="authenticationManager" xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"> <security:intercept-url pattern="/oauth/token" access="isAuthenticated()" method="POST" /> <security:anonymous enabled="false" /> <security:http-basic entry-point-ref="clientAuthenticationEntryPoint" /> <security:custom-filter ref="clientCredentialsTokenEndpointFilter" before="BASIC_AUTH_FILTER" /> <security:access-denied-handler ref="oauthAccessDeniedHandler" /> </security:http> <security:http pattern="/api/**" create-session="never" entry-point-ref="oauthAuthenticationEntryPoint" access-decision-manager-ref="accessDecisionManager" xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"> <security:anonymous enabled="false" /> <security:intercept-url pattern="/api/**" access="ROLE_USER" /> <security:custom-filter ref="resourceServerFilter" before="PRE_AUTH_FILTER" /> <security:access-denied-handler ref="oauthAccessDeniedHandler" /> </security:http> <bean id="clientAuthenticationEntryPoint" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.error.OAuth2AuthenticationEntryPoint"> <property name="realmName" value="spring-boot-oauth2" /> <property name="typeName" value="Basic" /> </bean> <bean id="oauthAuthenticationEntryPoint" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.error.OAuth2AuthenticationEntryPoint"> <property name="realmName" value="spring-boot-oauth2" /> <property name="typeName" value="Bearer" /> </bean> <bean id="oauthAccessDeniedHandler" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.error.OAuth2AccessDeniedHandler" /> <bean id="clientCredentialsTokenEndpointFilter" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.client.ClientCredentialsTokenEndpointFilter"> <property name="authenticationManager" ref="authenticationManager" /> </bean> <bean id="resourceServerFilter" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.authentication.OAuth2AuthenticationProcessingFilter"> <property name="authenticationManager" ref="authenticationManager" /> </bean> <bean id="accessDecisionManager" class="org.springframework.security.access.vote.UnanimousBased" xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"> <constructor-arg> <list> <bean class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.vote.ScopeVoter" /> <bean class="org.springframework.security.access.vote.RoleVoter" /> <bean class="org.springframework.security.access.vote.AuthenticatedVoter" /> </list> </constructor-arg> </bean> <security:authentication-manager id="authenticationManager"> <security:authentication-provider user-service-ref="userDetailsService" /> </security:authentication-manager> <bean id="userDetailsService" class="org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.jdbc.JdbcDaoImpl"> <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" /> </bean>
其中,/oauth/token 是用于获取访问令牌的路径,/api/** 是需要进行鉴权的路径。
使用 OAuth2RestTemplate 发送请求时,需要先获取访问令牌,代码如下:
OAuth2RestTemplate restTemplate = new OAuth2RestTemplate(client, context); AuthorizationCodeResourceDetails details = (AuthorizationCodeResourceDetails)client.getResource(); AuthorizationCodeAccessTokenProvider provider = new AuthorizationCodeAccessTokenProvider(); Authentication auth = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(username, password); AccessTokenRequest tokenRequest = provider.createAccessTokenRequest(details, auth); OAuth2AccessToken accessToken = provider.obtainAccessToken(details, tokenRequest); restTemplate.getOAuth2ClientContext().setAccessToken(accessToken);
其中,client 是 OAuth2ProtectedResourceDetails 类型的对象,包含 Client ID 和 Client Secret 等信息。
OAuth2 密码模式
密码模式是 OAuth2 中适用于信任客户端的授权类型,它包含以下步骤:
在 Java API 开发中,可以使用 Spring Security OAuth2 框架实现密码模式的鉴权。
首先,需要在 pom.xml 文件中添加以下依赖项:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.security.oauth</groupId> <artifactId>spring-security-oauth2</artifactId> <version>2.3.4.RELEASE</version> </dependency>
然后,在 Spring MVC 的配置文件中添加以下配置:
<security:http pattern="/oauth/token" create-session="stateless" authentication-manager-ref="authenticationManager" xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"> <security:intercept-url pattern="/oauth/token" access="isAuthenticated()" method="POST" /> <security:anonymous enabled="false" /> <security:http-basic entry-point-ref="clientAuthenticationEntryPoint" /> <security:custom-filter ref="clientCredentialsTokenEndpointFilter" before="BASIC_AUTH_FILTER" /> <security:access-denied-handler ref="oauthAccessDeniedHandler" /> </security:http> <security:http pattern="/api/**" create-session="never" entry-point-ref="oauthAuthenticationEntryPoint" access-decision-manager-ref="accessDecisionManager" xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"> <security:anonymous enabled="false" /> <security:intercept-url pattern="/api/**" access="ROLE_USER" /> <security:custom-filter ref="resourceServerFilter" before="PRE_AUTH_FILTER" /> <security:access-denied-handler ref="oauthAccessDeniedHandler" /> </security:http> <bean id="clientAuthenticationEntryPoint" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.error.OAuth2AuthenticationEntryPoint"> <property name="realmName" value="spring-boot-oauth2" /> <property name="typeName" value="Basic" /> </bean> <bean id="oauthAuthenticationEntryPoint" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.error.OAuth2AuthenticationEntryPoint"> <property name="realmName" value="spring-boot-oauth2" /> <property name="typeName" value="Bearer" /> </bean> <bean id="oauthAccessDeniedHandler" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.error.OAuth2AccessDeniedHandler" /> <bean id="clientCredentialsTokenEndpointFilter" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.client.ClientCredentialsTokenEndpointFilter"> <property name="authenticationManager" ref="authenticationManager" /> </bean> <bean id="resourceServerFilter" class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.authentication.OAuth2AuthenticationProcessingFilter"> <property name="authenticationManager" ref="authenticationManager" /> </bean> <bean id="accessDecisionManager" class="org.springframework.security.access.vote.UnanimousBased" xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"> <constructor-arg> <list> <bean class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.vote.ScopeVoter" /> <bean class="org.springframework.security.access.vote.RoleVoter" /> <bean class="org.springframework.security.access.vote.AuthenticatedVoter" /> </list> </constructor-arg> </bean> <security:authentication-manager id="authenticationManager"> <security:authentication-provider user-service-ref="userDetailsService" /> </security:authentication-manager> <bean id="userDetailsService" class="org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.jdbc.JdbcDaoImpl"> <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" /> </bean>
其中,/oauth/token 是用于获取访问令牌的路径,/api/** 是需要进行鉴权的路径。
使用 OAuth2RestTemplate 发送请求时,需要先获取访问令牌,代码如下:
OAuth2RestTemplate restTemplate = new OAuth2RestTemplate(details, new DefaultOAuth2ClientContext()); restTemplate.getOAuth2ClientContext().setAccessToken(accesstoken);
其中,details 是 ResourceOwnerPasswordResourceDetails 类型的对象,包含 Client ID、Client Secret、用户名和密码等信息。
总结
在 Java API 开发中使用 OAuth2 进行鉴权可以保护 API 资源的安全,并且可以让用户更加方便地授权第三方应用程序访问他们的服务器资源。本文介绍了 OAuth2 的授权码模式和密码模式,并且提供了使用 Spring Security OAuth2 框架实现鉴权的示例代码。希望可以对 Java API 开发者有所帮助。
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