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mysql中的json_extract怎么使用

WBOY
WBOY转载
2023-05-31 16:58:161832浏览

    一、前言

    mysql5.7版本开始支持JSON类型字段
    json_extract可以完全简写为 ->
    json_unquote(json_extract())可以完全简写为 ->>
    下面介绍中大部分会利用简写

    二、创建示例表

    CREATE TABLE `test_json` (
      `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
      `content` json DEFAULT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
    # 插入两条测试用的记录
    INSERT INTO `test_json` (`content`) VALUES ('{\"name\":\"tom\",\"age\":18,\"score\":[100,90,87],\"address\":{\"province\":\"湖南\",\"city\":\"长沙\"}}');
    INSERT INTO `test_json` (`content`) VALUES ('[1, "apple", "red", {"age": 18, "name": "tom"}]');
    id content
    1 {“age”: 18, “name”: “tom”, “score”: [100, 90, 87], “address”: {“city”: “长沙”, “province”: “湖南”}}
    2 [1, “apple”, “red”, {“age”: 18, “name”: “tom”}]

    三、基本语法

    - 获取JSON对象中某个key对应的value值

    • json_extract函数中,第一个参数content表示json数据,第二个参数为json路径,其中$表示该json数据本身,$.name就表示获取json中key为name的value值

    • 可以利用 -> 表达式来代替json_extract

    • 若获取的val本身为字符串,那么获取的val会被引号包起来,比如"tom",这种数据被解析到程序对象中时,可能会被转义为\“tom\”。为了解决这个问题了,可以在外面再包上一层json_unquote函数,或者使用 ->> 代替->

    content:
    {“age”: 18, “name”: “tom”, “score”: [100, 90, 87], “address”: {“city”: “长沙”, “province”: “湖南”}}

    # 得到"tom"
    select json_extract(content,'$.name') from test_json where id = 1;
    # 简写方式:字段名->表达式等价于json_extract(字段名,表达式)
    select content->'$.name' from test_json where id = 1;
    # 结果:
    +--------------------------------+
    | json_extract(content,'$.name') |
    +--------------------------------+
    | "tom"                          |
    +--------------------------------+
    +-------------------+
    | content->'$.name' |
    +-------------------+
    | "tom"             |
    +-------------------+
    
    # 解除双引号,得到tom
    select json_unquote(json_extract(content,'$.name')) from test_json where id = 1;
    # 简写方式:字段名->>表达式等价于json_unquote(json_extract(字段名,表达式))
    select content->>'$.name' from test_json where id = 1;
    # 结果:
    +----------------------------------------------+
    | json_unquote(json_extract(content,'$.name')) |
    +----------------------------------------------+
    | tom                                          |
    +----------------------------------------------+
    +--------------------+
    | content->>'$.name' |
    +--------------------+
    | tom                |
    +--------------------+

    - 获取JSON数组中某个元素

    • json_extract函数中,第一个参数content表示json数据,第二个参数为json路径,其中$表示该json数据本身,$[i]表示获取该json数组索引为i的元素(索引从0开始)

    • 与获取key-val一样,若获取的元素为字符串,默认的方式也会得到双引号包起来的字符,导致程序转义,方法也是利用json_unquote函数,或者使用 ->> 代替->

    content:
    [1, “apple”, “red”, {“age”: 18, “name”: “tom”}]

    # 得到"apple"
    select json_extract(content,'$[1]') from test_json where id = 2;
    # 简写,效果同上
    select content->'$[1]' from test_json where id = 2;
    # 结果:
    +------------------------------+
    | json_extract(content,'$[1]') |
    +------------------------------+
    | "apple"                      |
    +------------------------------+
    +-----------------+
    | content->'$[1]' |
    +-----------------+
    | "apple"         |
    +-----------------+
    
    # 解除双引号,得到apple 
    select json_unquote(json_extract(content,'$[1]')) from test_json where id = 2;
    # 简写,效果同上
    select content->>'$[1]' from test_json where id = 2;
    # 结果:
    +--------------------------------------------+
    | json_unquote(json_extract(content,'$[1]')) |
    +--------------------------------------------+
    | apple                                      |
    +--------------------------------------------+
    +------------------+
    | content->>'$[1]' |
    +------------------+
    | apple            |
    +------------------+

    - 获取JSON中的嵌套数据

    结合前面介绍的两种获取方式,可以获取json数据中的嵌套数据

    content: id=1
    {“age”: 18, “name”: “tom”, “score”: [100, 90, 87], “address”: {“city”: “长沙”, “province”: “湖南”}}
    content: id=2
    [1, “apple”, “red”, {“age”: 18, “name”: “tom”}]

    # 得到:87
    select content->'$.score[2]' from test_json where id = 1;
    # 结果:
    +-----------------------+
    | content->'$.score[2]' |
    +-----------------------+
    | 87                    |
    +-----------------------+
    
    # 得到:18
    select content->'$[3].age' from test_json where id = 2;
    # 结果:
    +---------------------+
    | content->'$[3].age' |
    +---------------------+
    | 18                  |
    +---------------------+

    四、渐入佳境

    - 获取JSON多个路径的数据

    将会把多个路径的数据组合成数组返回

    content: id=1
    {“age”: 18, “name”: “tom”, “score”: [100, 90, 87], “address”: {“city”: “长沙”, “province”: “湖南”}}

    select json_extract(content,'$.age','$.score') from test_json where id = 1;
    # 结果:
    +-----------------------------------------+
    | json_extract(content,'$.age','$.score') |
    +-----------------------------------------+
    | [18, [100, 90, 87]]                     |
    +-----------------------------------------+
    
    select json_extract(content,'$.name','$.address.province','$.address.city') from test_json where id = 1;
    # 结果:
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | json_extract(content,'$.name','$.address.province','$.address.city') |
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ["tom", "湖南", "长沙"]                                              |
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    - 路径表达式*的使用

    将会把多个路径的数据组合成数组返回

    # 先插入一条用于测试的数据
    INSERT INTO `test_json` (`id`,`content`) VALUES(3,'{"name":"tom","address":{"name":"中央公园","city":"长沙"},"class":{"id":3,"name":"一年三班"},"friend":[{"age":20,"name":"marry"},{"age":21,"name":"Bob"}]}')

    content: id=3
    {“name”: “tom”, “class”: {“id”: 3, “name”: “一年三班”}, “friend”: [{“age”: 20, “name”: “marry”}, {“age”: 21, “name”: “Bob”}], “address”: {“city”: “长沙”, “name”: “中央公园”}}

    # 获取所有二级嵌套中key=name的值
    # 由于friend的二级嵌套是一个数组,所以.name获取不到其中的所有name值
    select content->'$.*.name' from test_json where id = 3;
    +----------------------------------+
    | content->'$.*.name'              |
    +----------------------------------+
    | ["一年三班", "中央公园"]         |
    +----------------------------------+```
    
    # 获取所有key为name值的数据,包括任何嵌套内的name
    select content->'$**.name' from test_json where id = 3;
    +---------------------------------------------------------+
    | content->'$**.name'                                     |
    +---------------------------------------------------------+
    | ["tom", "一年三班", "marry", "Bob", "中央公园"]         |
    +---------------------------------------------------------+
    
    # 获取数组中所有的name值
    select content->'$.friend[*].name' from test_json where id = 3;
    +-----------------------------+
    | content->'$.friend[*].name' |
    +-----------------------------+
    | ["marry", "Bob"]            |
    +-----------------------------+

    - 返回NULL值

    content: id=1
    {“age”: 18, “name”: “tom”, “score”: [100, 90, 87], “address”: {“city”: “长沙”, “province”: “湖南”}}

    寻找的JSON路径都不存在

    # age路径不存在,返回NULL
    # 若有多个路径,只要有一个路径存在则不会返回NULL
    select json_extract(content,'$.price') from test_json where id = 1;
    +---------------------------------+
    | json_extract(content,'$.price') |
    +---------------------------------+
    | NULL                            |
    +---------------------------------+

    路径中有NULL

    # 存在任意路径为NULL则返回NULL
    select json_extract(content,'$.age',NULL) from test_json where id = 1;
    +------------------------------------+
    | json_extract(content,'$.age',NULL) |
    +------------------------------------+
    | NULL                               |
    +------------------------------------+

    - 返回错误

    若第一个参数不是JSON类型的数据,则返回错误

    select json_extract('{1,2]',$[0])

    若路径表达式不规范,则返回错误

    select content->'$age' from test_json where id = 1;
    # 结果:
    ERROR 3143 (42000): Invalid JSON path expression. The error is around character position 1.

    五、使用场景

    JSON_EXTRACT函数通常用于要获取JSON中某个特定的数据或者要根据它作为判断条件时使用

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