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变量改变时PHP内核做了些什么?_PHP教程

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2016-07-12 09:08:19929浏览

变量改变时PHP内核做了些什么?

引言

内容来自于《Extending and Embedding PHP》- Chaper 3 - Memory Management,加上自己的理解,对php中变量的引用计数、写时复制,写时改变,写时复制和改变做个”翻译“。

zval

看下面的内容之前先对zval这个结构体做个了解

<code class="hljs thrift" style="font-family: 'Courier New', sans-serif !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; font-size: 12px !important; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245) !important; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; padding: 5px !important; border-top-left-radius: 3px !important; border-top-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px !important; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">struct</span> _<span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(163, 21, 21);">zval_struct</span> </span>{
    zvalue_value value;
    zend_uint refcount;
    zend_uchar type;
    zend_uchar is_ref;
} zval;</code>

zval结构体中共有4个元素,value是一个联合体,用来真正的存储zval的值,refcount用来计数该zval被多少个变量使用,type表示zval所存储的数据类型,is_ref用来标志该zval是否被引用。

引用计数

<code class="hljs xml" style="font-family: 'Courier New', sans-serif !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; font-size: 12px !important; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245) !important; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; padding: 5px !important; border-top-left-radius: 3px !important; border-top-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px !important; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="php"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);"><?php </span>
    <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(163, 21, 21);">'Hello World'</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$b</span> = <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">unset</span>(<span class="hljs-variable">$a</span>);
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);">?></span></span></span></code>

我们一起来剖析下上面这段代码:

  • $a = 'Hello World';首先这句代码被执行,内核创建一个变量,并分配12字节的内存去存储字符串'Hello World'和末尾的NULL。
  • $b = $a;接着执行这句代码,执行这句的时候内核里面发生了什么呢?

    • $a所指向的zval中的refcount进行加1操作。
    • 将变量$b指向$a所指向的zval。
      在内核中大概是这样的,其中active_symbol_table是当前的变量符号表

      <code class="hljs clojure" style="font-family: 'Courier New', sans-serif !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; font-size: 12px !important; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245) !important; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; padding: 5px !important; border-top-left-radius: 3px !important; border-top-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px !important; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    <span class="hljs-collection">{
              zval *helloval;
              MAKE_STD_ZVAL<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">helloval</span>)</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">;</span>
              ZVAL_STRING<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">helloval</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(163, 21, 21);">"Hello World"</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>)</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">;</span>
              zend_hash_add<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">EG</span><span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">active_symbol_table</span>)</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(163, 21, 21);">"a"</span>, sizeof<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(163, 21, 21);">"a"</span>)</span>,
                                                  &helloval, sizeof<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">zval*</span>)</span>, NULL)</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">;</span>
              ZVAL_ADDREF<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">helloval</span>)</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">;</span>
              zend_hash_add<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">EG</span><span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">active_symbol_table</span>)</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(163, 21, 21);">"b"</span>, sizeof<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(163, 21, 21);">"b"</span>)</span>,
                                                  &helloval, sizeof<span class="hljs-list">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">zval*</span>)</span>, NULL)</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">;</span>
          }</span></code>
  • unset($a);这句代码执行后,内核会将azvalrefcountb还和原来一样

写时复制

<code class="hljs xml" style="font-family: 'Courier New', sans-serif !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; font-size: 12px !important; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245) !important; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; padding: 5px !important; border-top-left-radius: 3px !important; border-top-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px !important; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="php"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);"><?php </span>
    <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$b</span> = <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$b</span> += <span class="hljs-number">5</span>;
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);">?></span></span></span></code>

上面这段代码执行完之后,一般肯定希望$a=1,$b=6,但是如果像引用计数那样,$a$b指向相同的zval,修改$b之后$a不是也变了?
这个具体是怎么实现的呢,我们一起来看下:

  • $a = 1;内核创建一个zval,并分配4个字节存储数字1。
  • $b = $a;这一步和引用计数中的第二步一样,将$b指向和$a相同的zval,并将zval中的引用计数值refcount加1。
  • $b += 5;关键是这一步,这一步骤发生了什么呢,怎么确保修改之后不影响$a

    • 其实Zend内核在改变zval之前都会去进行get_var_and_separete操作,如果recfount>1,就需要分离就创建新的zval返回,否则直接返回变量所指向的zval,下面看看如何分离产生新的zval。
    • 复制一个和$b所指向zval一样的zval。
    • $b所指向的zval中的refcount计数减1。
    • 初始化生成的新zval,设置refcount=1,is_ref=0。
    • $b指向新生成的zval。
    • 对新生成的zval进行操作,这就是写时复制。
      下面看看内核中分离时的主要代码:

      <code class="hljs lasso" style="font-family: 'Courier New', sans-serif !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; font-size: 12px !important; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245) !important; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; padding: 5px !important; border-top-left-radius: 3px !important; border-top-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px !important; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">    zval <span class="hljs-subst">*</span>get_var_and_separate(char <span class="hljs-subst">*</span>varname, int varname_len TSRMLS_DC)
          {
              zval <span class="hljs-subst">**</span>varval, <span class="hljs-subst">*</span>varcopy;
              <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">if</span> (zend_hash_find(EG(active_symbol_table),
                              varname, varname_len <span class="hljs-subst">+</span> <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, (<span class="hljs-literal">void</span><span class="hljs-subst">**</span>)<span class="hljs-subst">&</span>varval) <span class="hljs-subst">==</span> FAILURE) {
              <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">/* Variable doesn't actually exist  fail out */</span>
              <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">return</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">NULL</span>;
          }
          <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">if</span> ((<span class="hljs-subst">*</span>varval)<span class="hljs-subst">-></span>is_ref <span class="hljs-subst">||</span> (<span class="hljs-subst">*</span>varval)<span class="hljs-subst">-></span>refcount <span class="hljs-subst"> <span class="hljs-number">2</span>) {
              <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">/* varname is the only actual reference,
              * or it's a full reference to other variables
              * either way: no separating to be done
              */</span>
              <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">return</span> <span class="hljs-subst">*</span>varval;
          }
          <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">/* Otherwise, make a copy of the zval* value */</span>
          MAKE_STD_ZVAL(varcopy);
          varcopy <span class="hljs-subst">=</span> <span class="hljs-subst">*</span>varval;
          <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">/* Duplicate any allocated structures within the zval* */</span>
          zval_copy_ctor(varcopy);
      
          <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">/* Remove the old version of varname
          * This will decrease the refcount of varval in the process
          */</span>
          zend_hash_del(EG(active_symbol_table), varname, varname_len <span class="hljs-subst">+</span> <span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
      
          <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">/* Initialize the reference count of the
          * newly created value and attach it to
          * the varname variable
          */</span>
          varcopy<span class="hljs-subst">-></span>refcount <span class="hljs-subst">=</span> <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
          varcopy<span class="hljs-subst">-></span>is_ref <span class="hljs-subst">=</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
          zend_hash_add(EG(active_symbol_table), varname, varname_len <span class="hljs-subst">+</span> <span class="hljs-number">1</span>,
                                                  <span class="hljs-subst">&</span>varcopy, sizeof(zval<span class="hljs-subst">*</span>), <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">NULL</span>);
          <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: green;">/* Return the new zval* */</span>
          <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">return</span> varcopy;
          }</span></code>

写时改变

<code class="hljs xml" style="font-family: 'Courier New', sans-serif !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; font-size: 12px !important; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245) !important; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; padding: 5px !important; border-top-left-radius: 3px !important; border-top-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px !important; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="php"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);"><?php </span>
    <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$b</span> = &<span class="hljs-variable">$a</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$b</span> += <span class="hljs-number">5</span>;
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);">?></span></span></span></code>

上面这段代码执行完之后一般希望是:$a == $b == 6。这个又是怎么实现的呢?

  • $a = 1;这一步骤和写时复制中的第一步一样。
  • $b = &$a;这一步骤内核会将$b指向$a所指向的zval,将zval中的refcount加1,并将zval中的is_ref置为1。
  • $b += 5;这一步骤和写时复制中的第三步骤一样,但是内核中发生的事情却不一样。

    • 内核看到$b进行变化的时候,也会执行get_var_and_separate函数,看是否需要分离。
    • 如果(*varval)->is_ref的话也会直接返回$b所指向的zval,不去分离产生新的zval,不管zval的refcount是否>1。
    • 这时候再去修改$b值,$a的值也就改变了,因为他们指向相同的zval。

分离的问题

说道现在聪明的你可能已经看出点问题了,如果一个zval结构体既有refcount计数又有is_ref引用这个时候怎么办?

<code class="hljs xml" style="font-family: 'Courier New', sans-serif !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; font-size: 12px !important; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245) !important; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; padding: 5px !important; border-top-left-radius: 3px !important; border-top-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px !important; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="php"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);"><?php </span>
    <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$b</span> = <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$c</span> = &<span class="hljs-variable">$a</span>;
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);">?></span></span></span></code>

如果出现上面这种情况的时候,如果$a、$b、$c指向同一个zval结构体,进行改变的时候Zend到底去听谁的?其实这个地方不会指向同一个zval了。
如果对一个is_ref = 0 && refcount >1的zval进行写时改变这种赋值形式(就是引用赋值)的时候,Zend会将等号右边的变量分离出来一个新的zval,
对这个zval进行初始化,对之前的zval的refcount进行减1操作,让等号左边的变量指向这个新的zval,refcount进行加1操作,is_ref=1。看看下面这张图片

变量改变时PHP内核做了些什么?_PHP教程

<code class="hljs xml" style="font-family: 'Courier New', sans-serif !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; font-size: 12px !important; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245) !important; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; padding: 5px !important; border-top-left-radius: 3px !important; border-top-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px !important; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="php"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);"><?php </span>
    <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$b</span> = &<span class="hljs-variable">$a</span>;
    <span class="hljs-variable">$c</span> = <span class="hljs-variable">$a</span>;
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175);">?></span></span></span></code>

上面这又是另外一种情况,在is_ref = 1的情况下,试图单纯的进行refcount+1操作的时候会分离出来一个新的zval给等号左边的变量,并初始化他,看看下面这张图片

变量改变时PHP内核做了些什么?_PHP教程

参考文献

1.《Extending and Embedding PHP》- Chaper 3 - Memory Management.


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