现实世界的加密魔法：让 Go 的加密包发挥作用，Go Crypto 13

嘿，加密向导！准备好用 Go 的加密包来看看现实世界的魔法了吗？我们已经学习了所有这些很酷的加密咒语，现在让我们将它们用于一些实际的魔法中！我们将创建两个强大的神器：安全文件加密咒语和公钥基础设施 (PKI) 召唤仪式。

魔法#1：安全文件加密咒语

让我们创建一个神奇的卷轴，可以使用强大的 AES-GCM（伽罗瓦/计数器模式）魔法安全地加密和解密文件。此咒语提供保密性和完整性保护！

package main

import (
    "crypto/aes"
    "crypto/cipher"
    "crypto/rand"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "os"
)

// Our encryption spell
func encrypt(plaintext []byte, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
    block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    nonce := make([]byte, gcm.NonceSize())
    if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, nonce); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    return gcm.Seal(nonce, nonce, plaintext, nil), nil
}

// Our decryption counter-spell
func decrypt(ciphertext []byte, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
    block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    if len(ciphertext) 



<p>这个神奇的卷轴演示了使用 AES-GCM 的安全文件加密。它包括防止魔法事故（错误处理）、安全调用随机数的随机数以及适当的魔法密钥管理实践。</p>

<h2>
  
  
  结界#2：PKI 召唤仪式
</h2>

<p>现在，让我们执行一个更复杂的仪式来调用基本的公钥基础设施 (PKI) 系统。该系统可以生成神奇的证书，用证书颁发机构（CA）对其进行签名，并验证这些神秘的文件。<br>
</p>

<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">package main

import (
    "crypto/ecdsa"
    "crypto/elliptic"
    "crypto/rand"
    "crypto/x509"
    "crypto/x509/pkix"
    "encoding/pem"
    "fmt"
    "math/big"
    "os"
    "time"
)

// Summon a magical key pair
func generateKey() (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
    return ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
}

// Create a mystical certificate
func createCertificate(template, parent *x509.Certificate, pub interface{}, priv interface{}) (*x509.Certificate, []byte, error) {
    certDER, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, template, parent, pub, priv)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }

    cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(certDER)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }

    return cert, certDER, nil
}

// Summon a Certificate Authority
func generateCA() (*x509.Certificate, *ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
    caPrivKey, err := generateKey()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }

    template := x509.Certificate{
        SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1),
        Subject: pkix.Name{
            Organization: []string{"Wizards' Council"},
        },
        NotBefore:             time.Now(),
        NotAfter:              time.Now().AddDate(10, 0, 0),
        KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageCertSign | x509.KeyUsageCRLSign,
        ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
        BasicConstraintsValid: true,
        IsCA:                  true,
    }

    caCert, _, err := createCertificate(&template, &template, &caPrivKey.PublicKey, caPrivKey)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }

    return caCert, caPrivKey, nil
}

// Generate a certificate for a magical domain
func generateCertificate(caCert *x509.Certificate, caPrivKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey, domain string) (*x509.Certificate, *ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
    certPrivKey, err := generateKey()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }

    template := x509.Certificate{
        SerialNumber: big.NewInt(2),
        Subject: pkix.Name{
            Organization: []string{"Wizards' Guild"},
            CommonName:   domain,
        },
        NotBefore:   time.Now(),
        NotAfter:    time.Now().AddDate(1, 0, 0),
        KeyUsage:    x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature | x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment,
        ExtKeyUsage: []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
        DNSNames:    []string{domain},
    }

    cert, _, err := createCertificate(&template, caCert, &certPrivKey.PublicKey, caPrivKey)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }

    return cert, certPrivKey, nil
}

// Inscribe a certificate onto a magical parchment (PEM)
func saveCertificateToPEM(cert *x509.Certificate, filename string) error {
    certPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: cert.Raw})
    return os.WriteFile(filename, certPEM, 0644)
}

// Inscribe a private key onto a magical parchment (PEM)
func savePrivateKeyToPEM(privKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey, filename string) error {
    privKeyBytes, err := x509.MarshalECPrivateKey(privKey)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    privKeyPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "EC PRIVATE KEY", Bytes: privKeyBytes})
    return os.WriteFile(filename, privKeyPEM, 0600)
}

func main() {
    // Summon the Certificate Authority
    caCert, caPrivKey, err := generateCA()
    if err != nil {
        panic("The CA summoning ritual failed!")
    }

    // Inscribe the CA certificate and private key
    err = saveCertificateToPEM(caCert, "ca_cert.pem")
    if err != nil {
        panic("Failed to inscribe the CA certificate!")
    }
    err = savePrivateKeyToPEM(caPrivKey, "ca_key.pem")
    if err != nil {
        panic("Failed to inscribe the CA private key!")
    }

    // Generate a certificate for a magical domain
    domain := "hogwarts.edu"
    cert, privKey, err := generateCertificate(caCert, caPrivKey, domain)
    if err != nil {
        panic("The domain certificate summoning failed!")
    }

    // Inscribe the domain certificate and private key
    err = saveCertificateToPEM(cert, "domain_cert.pem")
    if err != nil {
        panic("Failed to inscribe the domain certificate!")
    }
    err = savePrivateKeyToPEM(privKey, "domain_key.pem")
    if err != nil {
        panic("Failed to inscribe the domain private key!")
    }

    fmt.Println("The PKI summoning ritual was successful! CA and domain certificates have been manifested.")
}

这个神秘的仪式演示了一个简单的 PKI 系统的创建，包括：

1. 调用证书颁发机构 (CA)
2. 使用 CA 为域证书加持其神奇的签名
3. 将证书和私钥刻在神奇的羊皮纸上（PEM 格式）

这些示例展示了 Go 加密包的实际应用，展示了安全文件加密和基本的 PKI 系统。它们融合了我们讨论过的许多最佳实践和概念，例如正确的密钥管理、安全随机数生成以及现代加密算法的使用。

请记住，年轻的巫师，在现实世界中实施这些加密系统时，请始终确保您的咒语经过其他大师巫师的彻底审查和测试。对于最关键的魔法组件，请尽可能考虑使用已建立的魔法书（库）。

现在就出去负责任地施展你的加密咒语吧！愿您的秘密始终保密，您的身份始终得到验证！

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