在 Python 请求库中使用 XML

什么是 XML？ XML 是指可扩展标记语言，它需要存储结构化数据并对任何项目进行分组。在 XML 标记语言中，您可以创建具有任何名称的标签。最流行的 XML 示例 - 站点地图和 RSS 提要。

XML 文件示例：

<breakfast_menu>
   <food>
       <name>Belgian Waffles</name>
       <price>.95</price>
       <description>Two of our famous Belgian Waffles with plenty of real maple syrup</description>
       <calories>650</calories> </food>
   <food>
       <name>Strawberry Belgian Waffles</name>
       <price>.95</price>
       <description>Light Belgian waffles covered with strawberries and whipped cream</description>
       <calories>900</calories> </food>
   <food>
       <name>Berry-Berry Belgian Waffles</name>
       <price>.95</price>
       <description>Light Belgian waffles covered with an assortment of fresh berries and whipped cream</description>
       <calories>900</calories> </food>
   <food>
       <name>French Toast</name>
       <price>.50</price>
       <description>Thick slices made from our homemade sourdough bread</description>
       <calories>600</calories> </food>
   <food>
       <name>Homestyle Breakfast</name>
       <price>.95</price>
       <description>Two eggs, bacon or sausage, toast, and our ever-popular hash browns</description>
       <calories>950</calories> </food>
</breakfast_menu>

在这个例子中，文件包含 breakfast_menu 全局标签，其中包含食物类别，每个食物类别包括名称、价格、描述和卡路里标签。

现在我们开始学习如何使用 XML 和 Python 请求库。首先我们需要准备好工作环境。

要创建新项目和虚拟环境，请安装 python3-virtualenv 包。它需要每个项目的分离要求。在 Debian/Ubuntu 中安装：

sudo apt install python3 python3-virtualenv -y

创建项目文件夹：

mkdir my_project
cd my_project

使用 env 命名的文件夹创建 Python 虚拟环境：

python3 -m venv env

激活虚拟环境：

source env/bin/activate

安装 PIP 的依赖项：

pip3 install requests

让我们开始编写代码吧。

创建 main.py 文件并在下面插入代码：

import requests
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
request = requests.get('https://www.w3schools.com/xml/simple.xml')
root = ET.fromstring(request.content)
for item in root.iter('*'):
    print(item.tag)

此代码片段帮助我们找到所有内部标签。

此代码的输出：

(env) user@localhost:~/my_project$ python3 main.py
breakfast_menu
food
name
price
description
calories
food
name
price
description
calories
food
name
price
description
calories
food
name
price
description
calories
food
name
price
description
calories

现在我们正在编写从内部元素获取值的代码。打开 main.py 文件并将之前的代码替换为：

import requests
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
request = requests.get('https://www.w3schools.com/xml/simple.xml')
root = ET.fromstring(request.content)
for item in root.iterfind('food'):
    print(item.findtext('name'))
    print(item.findtext('price'))
    print(item.findtext('description'))
    print(item.findtext('calories'))

我们收到了下一个结果：

(env) user@localhost:~/my_project$ python3 main.py
Belgian Waffles
.95
Two of our famous Belgian Waffles with plenty of real maple syrup
650
Strawberry Belgian Waffles
.95
Light Belgian waffles covered with strawberries and whipped cream
900
Berry-Berry Belgian Waffles
.95
Light Belgian waffles covered with an assortment of fresh berries and whipped cream
900
French Toast
.50
Thick slices made from our homemade sourdough bread
600
Homestyle Breakfast
.95
Two eggs, bacon or sausage, toast, and our ever-popular hash browns
950

最后一步，我们美化输出数据以使其更易于阅读：

import requests
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
request = requests.get('https://www.w3schools.com/xml/simple.xml')
root = ET.fromstring(request.content)
for item in root.iterfind('food'):
    print('Name: {}. Price: {}. Description: {}. Calories: {}'.format(item.findtext('name'), item.findtext('price'), item.findtext('description'), item.findtext('calories')))

此处输出：

(env) user@localhost:~/my_project$ python3 main.py
Name: Belgian Waffles. Price: .95. Description: Two of our famous Belgian Waffles with plenty of real maple syrup. Calories: 650
Name: Strawberry Belgian Waffles. Price: .95. Description: Light Belgian waffles covered with strawberries and whipped cream. Calories: 900
Name: Berry-Berry Belgian Waffles. Price: .95. Description: Light Belgian waffles covered with an assortment of fresh berries and whipped cream. Calories: 900
Name: French Toast. Price: .50. Description: Thick slices made from our homemade sourdough bread. Calories: 600
Name: Homestyle Breakfast. Price: .95. Description: Two eggs, bacon or sausage, toast, and our ever-popular hash browns. Calories: 950

来源材料：
XML 文件示例取自 W3Schools。

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