WHERE 和 HAVING 子句都用于过滤 SQL 查询中的数据,但它们的用途不同,并且应用于查询执行的不同阶段。详细对比如下:
WHERE 子句:
HAVING 子句:
地点:
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000;
拥有:
SELECT department, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary FROM employees GROUP BY department HAVING AVG(salary) > 60000;
地点:
拥有:
Aspect | WHERE Clause | HAVING Clause |
---|---|---|
Purpose | Filters rows before grouping. | Filters aggregated groups. |
Use with Aggregates | Cannot use aggregate functions. | Can use aggregate functions. |
Execution Order | Applied before GROUP BY. | Applied after GROUP BY. |
Scope | Operates on individual rows. | Operates on grouped data. |
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000;
SELECT department, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary FROM employees GROUP BY department HAVING AVG(salary) > 60000;
SELECT employee_id, first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000;
WHERE 子句专注于在任何分组之前过滤各个行,而 HAVING 子句则处理分组后过滤聚合数据。理解这些区别对于编写处理行级和组级过滤的高效 SQL 查询至关重要。
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