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在 Django 中构建灵活的通知系统：综合指南

Patricia Arquette
Patricia Arquette原创
2024-12-01 15:43:09905浏览

Building a Flexible Notification System in Django: A Comprehensive Guide

通知是任何现代 Web 应用程序的关键组成部分，可确保用户了解情况并参与其中。实施良好的通知系统可以处理多个渠道，例如应用内警报、电子邮件和短信，同时动态定制内容以实现无缝的用户体验。在本指南中，我们将引导您在 Django 中创建一个强大的、可扩展的通知系统。

系统功能

我们的通知系统旨在提供：

  1. 支持多渠道：通过应用内提醒、电子邮件或短信发送通知。
  2. 动态内容个性化：带有占位符的模板，用于生成个性化消息。
  3. 基于事件的触发器：根据特定系统或用户事件触发通知。
  4. 状态跟踪：监控电子邮件和短信通知的传送状态。
  5. 管理和系统集成：通知可以由管理员或系统事件触发。

定义模型

1.通知模板

模板是我们系统的支柱，存储可重复使用的通知内容。

from django.db import models

class ChannelType(models.TextChoices):
    APP = 'APP', 'In-App Notification'
    SMS = 'SMS', 'SMS'
    EMAIL = 'EMAIL', 'Email'


class TriggeredByType(models.TextChoices):
    SYSTEM = 'SYSTEM', 'System Notification'
    ADMIN = 'ADMIN', 'Admin Notification'


class TriggerEvent(models.TextChoices):
    ENROLLMENT = 'ENROLLMENT', 'Enrollment'
    ANNOUNCEMENT = 'ANNOUNCEMENT', 'Announcement'
    PROMOTIONAL = 'PROMOTIONAL', 'Promotional'
    RESET_PASSWORD = 'RESET_PASSWORD', 'Reset Password'

class NotificationTemplate(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    template = models.TextField(help_text='Use placeholders like {{username}} for personalization.')
    channel = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=ChannelType.choices, default=ChannelType.APP)
    triggered_by = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=TriggeredByType.choices, default=TriggeredByType.SYSTEM)
    trigger_event = models.CharField(max_length=50, choices=TriggerEvent.choices, help_text='Event that triggers this template.')
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

主要特点：

  • 模板：带有动态值占位符的文本，例如 {{username}}.
  • 渠道：指定是电子邮件、短信还是应用内通知。
  • trigger_event：将模板与特定事件关联。

2.一般通知

通知模型将模板链接到用户并存储任何动态负载以进行个性化。

class Notification(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="notifications")
    content = models.ForeignKey(NotificationTemplate, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="notifications")
    payload = models.JSONField(default=dict, help_text="Data to replace template placeholders.")
    is_read = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

3.特定于渠道的模型

为了独特地处理电子邮件和短信，我们定义了特定的模型。

电子邮件通知

该模型管理特定于电子邮件的数据，例如动态消息生成和传递跟踪。

class StatusType(models.TextChoices):
    PENDING = 'PENDING', 'Pending'
    SUCCESS = 'SUCCESS', 'Success'
    FAILED = 'FAILED', 'Failed'

class EmailNotification(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='email_notifications')
    content = models.ForeignKey(NotificationTemplate, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='email_notifications')
    payload = models.JSONField(default=dict)
    status = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=StatusType.choices, default=StatusType.PENDING)
    status_reason = models.TextField(null=True)

    @property
    def email_content(self):
        """
        Populate the template with dynamic data from the payload.
        """
        content = self.content.template
        for key, value in self.payload.items():
            content = re.sub(
                rf"{{{{\s*{key}\s*}}}}",
                str(value),
                content,
            )
        return content

短信通知

与电子邮件通知类似，这里实现了短信特定逻辑。

class SMSNotification(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='sms_notifications')
    content = models.ForeignKey(NotificationTemplate, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='sms_notifications')
    payload = models.JSONField(default=dict)
    status = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=StatusType.choices, default=StatusType.PENDING)
    status_reason = models.TextField(null=True)

    @property
    def sms_content(self):
        """
        Populate the template with dynamic data from the payload.
        """
        content = self.content.template
        for key, value in self.payload.items():
            content = re.sub(
                rf"{{{{\s*{key}\s*}}}}",
                str(value),
                content,
            )
        return content

管理集成

为了更轻松地管理通知，我们在 Django 管理面板中注册模型。

from django.contrib import admin
from notifier.models import NotificationTemplate

@admin.register(NotificationTemplate)
class NotificationTemplateAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['title', 'channel', 'triggered_by', 'trigger_event', 'is_active']
    list_filter = ['channel', 'triggered_by', 'is_active']
    search_fields = ['title', 'trigger_event']

通知服务

我们将实现一个服务层来管理通过各种渠道发送通知。

策略模式

使用策略模式，我们将为每个通知通道定义类。

from django.db import models

class ChannelType(models.TextChoices):
    APP = 'APP', 'In-App Notification'
    SMS = 'SMS', 'SMS'
    EMAIL = 'EMAIL', 'Email'


class TriggeredByType(models.TextChoices):
    SYSTEM = 'SYSTEM', 'System Notification'
    ADMIN = 'ADMIN', 'Admin Notification'


class TriggerEvent(models.TextChoices):
    ENROLLMENT = 'ENROLLMENT', 'Enrollment'
    ANNOUNCEMENT = 'ANNOUNCEMENT', 'Announcement'
    PROMOTIONAL = 'PROMOTIONAL', 'Promotional'
    RESET_PASSWORD = 'RESET_PASSWORD', 'Reset Password'

class NotificationTemplate(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    template = models.TextField(help_text='Use placeholders like {{username}} for personalization.')
    channel = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=ChannelType.choices, default=ChannelType.APP)
    triggered_by = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=TriggeredByType.choices, default=TriggeredByType.SYSTEM)
    trigger_event = models.CharField(max_length=50, choices=TriggerEvent.choices, help_text='Event that triggers this template.')
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

通知服务

该服务将所有内容联系在一起，根据通知渠道选择适当的策略。

class Notification(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="notifications")
    content = models.ForeignKey(NotificationTemplate, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="notifications")
    payload = models.JSONField(default=dict, help_text="Data to replace template placeholders.")
    is_read = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

使用示例

以下是如何使用通知服务：

class StatusType(models.TextChoices):
    PENDING = 'PENDING', 'Pending'
    SUCCESS = 'SUCCESS', 'Success'
    FAILED = 'FAILED', 'Failed'

class EmailNotification(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='email_notifications')
    content = models.ForeignKey(NotificationTemplate, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='email_notifications')
    payload = models.JSONField(default=dict)
    status = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=StatusType.choices, default=StatusType.PENDING)
    status_reason = models.TextField(null=True)

    @property
    def email_content(self):
        """
        Populate the template with dynamic data from the payload.
        """
        content = self.content.template
        for key, value in self.payload.items():
            content = re.sub(
                rf"{{{{\s*{key}\s*}}}}",
                str(value),
                content,
            )
        return content

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