Unix 因倡导命令应该做一件事并做好它的哲学而闻名。
复杂的数据处理和转换操作通常可以使用 shell 管道运算符将命令链接在一起来执行,以便一个命令的输出成为另一个命令的输入,操作和转换数据以实现所需的结果。
例如:
# Sort file names. ls | sort # Count files. ls -l | count -l # Print out unique file extensions. # 1. List all files that have extensions # 2. Transform the data (discard everything but extensions) # 3. Sort the list (data must be sorted to identify duplicates) # 4. Filter out duplicates # 5. Browse the results ls *.* | sed 's/.*\.//' | sort | uniq | less
使用 Go,程序员可以创建高效且高性能的命令来处理数据。我们将通过以下片段来讨论这一点。
可用于管道操作的命令的本质是从 stdin 读取并写入 stdout。
add-line-numbers.go
package main import ( "bufio" "fmt" "os" ) func main() { // Buffered input that splits input on lines. input := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin) // Buffered output. output := bufio.NewWriter(os.Stdout) lineNo := 0 // Scan until EOF (no more input). for input.Scan() { text := input.Text() lineNo++ s := fmt.Sprintf("%03d %s\n", lineNo, text) // It would be simpler to just use fmt.Println, // but want to emphasize piping stdin to stdout // explicitly. // Intentionally ignoring return values. _, _ = output.WriteString(s) } // Always explicitly flush remaining buffered output. _ = output.Flush() }
此示例从 stdin 一次读取一行,并将其写回到 stdout,每行都以行号为前缀。在这里,我们使用程序文件本身作为输入来生成编号的输出。
$ cat add-line-numbers.go | go run add-line-numbers.go 001 package main 002 003 import ( 004 "bufio" 005 "fmt" 006 "os" 007 ) 008 009 func main() { 010 011 // Buffered input that splits input on lines. 012 input := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin) 013 014 // Buffered output. 015 output := bufio.NewWriter(os.Stdout) 016 017 lineNo := 0 018 019 // Scan until EOF (no more input). 020 for input.Scan() { 021 text := input.Text() 022 lineNo++ 023 s := fmt.Sprintf("%03d %s\n", lineNo, text) 024 025 // It would be simpler to just use fmt.Println, 026 // but want to emphasize piping stdin to stdout 027 // explicitly. 028 // Intentionally ignoring return values. 029 _, _ = output.WriteString(s) 030 031 } 032 033 // Always explicitly flush remaining buffered output. 034 _ = output.Flush() 035 036 }
此示例从 stdin 一次读取一行,base64 对其进行编码,然后将其写回到 stdout。
package main import ( "bufio" "encoding/base64" "os" ) func main() { // Buffered input that splits input on lines. input := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin) // Base64 Encoder/writer. encoder := base64.NewEncoder( base64.StdEncoding, os.Stdout) // Scan until EOF (no more input). for input.Scan() { bytes := input.Bytes() _, _ = encoder.Write(bytes) _, _ = encoder.Write([]byte{'\n'}) } // Close the encoder and ensure it flushes remaining output _ = encoder.Close() }
由于扫描器会分割换行符 (n) 而不返回它们,因此有必要在写入每一行后显式写入换行符。
$ cat base64-encode.go | go run base64-encode.go 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
您可以通过将编码结果传输到系统 base64 命令(Linux 和 MacOS)进行解码来确认文本是否正确编码:
$ cat base64-encode.go | go run base64-encode.go | base64 -D package main import ( "bufio" "encoding/base64" "os" ) func main() { // Buffered input that splits input on lines. input := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin) // Base64 Encoder/writer. encoder := base64.NewEncoder( base64.StdEncoding, os.Stdout) // Scan until EOF (no more input). for input.Scan() { bytes := input.Bytes() _, _ = encoder.Write(bytes) _, _ = encoder.Write([]byte{'\n'}) } // Close the encoder and ensure it flushes remaining output _ = encoder.Close() }
这篇文章摘录自我编写的关于 Go 标准库功能的简短介绍性指南,这些功能对于创建命令行工具非常有用:Go for CLI 应用程序和工具。
以上是Go 命令行工具:管道数据的详细内容。更多信息请关注PHP中文网其他相关文章!