死鎖是同時編程中常見的問題,可透過採取措施預防或處理:預防死鎖:-依序取得鎖-避免循環等待-使用逾時機制-使用非阻塞資料結構處理死鎖:-死鎖定偵測-死鎖復原-重試操作
Java 並發程式設計中的死鎖預防與處理
#死鎖是並發程式設計中可能遇到的常見問題,它會導致多個執行緒相互等待對方釋放資源,從而導致系統陷入僵局。在 Java 中,可以透過採取適當措施來預防或處理死鎖。
預防死鎖
處理死鎖
如果預防措施無法防止死鎖,則可以透過下列方法處理死鎖:
實戰案例
考慮以下Java 程式碼片段:
public class DeadlockExample { private final Object lock1 = new Object(); private final Object lock2 = new Object(); public void method1() { synchronized (lock1) { System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " acquired lock1"); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } synchronized (lock2) { System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " acquired lock2"); } } } public void method2() { synchronized (lock2) { System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " acquired lock2"); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } synchronized (lock1) { System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " acquired lock1"); } } } public static void main(String[] args) { DeadlockExample deadlockExample = new DeadlockExample(); Thread thread1 = new Thread(deadlockExample::method1); Thread thread2 = new Thread(deadlockExample::method2); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); } }
在這個範例中,兩個執行緒(thread1 和thread2)分別使用lock1 和lock2 進行同步。由於兩個執行緒都以相反的順序取得鎖,因此它們會相互等待對方釋放鎖,從而導致死鎖。
為了預防死鎖,我們可以修改程式碼以按順序取得鎖:
public class DeadlockExample { private final Object lock1 = new Object(); private final Object lock2 = new Object(); public void method1() { synchronized (lock1) { System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " acquired lock1"); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } synchronized (lock2) { System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " acquired lock2"); } } } public void method2() { synchronized (lock2) { System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " acquired lock2"); synchronized (lock1) { try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " acquired lock1"); } } } public static void main(String[] args) { DeadlockExample deadlockExample = new DeadlockExample(); Thread thread1 = new Thread(deadlockExample::method1); Thread thread2 = new Thread(deadlockExample::method2); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); } }
透過修改程式碼,我們確保thread1 和thread2 總是在相同的順序(lock1 然後鎖lock2)取得鎖,從而防止死鎖。
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