深入了解常用的7種Java設計模式
- 王林原創
- 2023-12-23 13:01:10766瀏覽
了解Java設計模式：常用的7種設計模式簡介，需要具體程式碼範例
Java設計模式是一種解決軟體設計問題的通用解決方案，它提供了一套被廣泛接受的設計想法與行為準則。設計模式幫助我們更好地組織和規劃程式碼結構，使得程式碼具有更好的可維護性、可讀性和可擴展性。在本文中，我們將介紹Java中常用的7種設計模式，並提供對應的程式碼範例。
- 單例模式（Singleton Pattern）：
單例模式保證一個類別只有一個實例，並提供一個全域存取點。這在需要共享資源或限制物件個數的場景中非常有用。下面是一個單例模式的程式碼範例：
public class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance;
private Singleton() {
// 私有构造函数，防止外部实例化
}
public static Singleton getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
synchronized (Singleton.class) {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new Singleton();
}
}
}
return instance;
}
}- 工廠模式（Factory Pattern）：
工廠模式透過一個工廠類別來建立對象，封裝了物件的建立過程。這可以隱藏物件的具體實作細節，使得客戶端的程式碼更加簡潔和可擴展。下面是一個工廠模式的程式碼範例：
public interface Shape {
void draw();
}
public class Circle implements Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Circle::draw()");
}
}
public class Rectangle implements Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Rectangle::draw()");
}
}
public class ShapeFactory {
public Shape getShape(String shapeType) {
if (shapeType == null) {
return null;
}
if (shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("CIRCLE")) {
return new Circle();
} else if (shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("RECTANGLE")) {
return new Rectangle();
}
return null;
}
}- #觀察者模式（Observer Pattern）：
觀察者模式定義了一種一對多的依賴關係，當一個對象的狀態改變時，依賴它的其他物件將自動更新。這在事件驅動、發布-訂閱，以及GUI開發中非常有用。以下是觀察者模式的程式碼範例：
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class Subject {
private List<Observer> observers = new ArrayList<>();
private int state;
public int getState() {
return state;
}
public void setState(int state) {
this.state = state;
notifyAllObservers();
}
public void attach(Observer observer) {
observers.add(observer);
}
public void notifyAllObservers() {
for (Observer observer : observers) {
observer.update();
}
}
}
public abstract class Observer {
protected Subject subject;
public abstract void update();
}
public class BinaryObserver extends Observer {
public BinaryObserver(Subject subject) {
this.subject = subject;
this.subject.attach(this);
}
public void update() {
System.out.println("Binary String: " + Integer.toBinaryString(subject.getState()));
}
}
public class OctalObserver extends Observer {
public OctalObserver(Subject subject) {
this.subject = subject;
this.subject.attach(this);
}
public void update() {
System.out.println("Octal String: " + Integer.toOctalString(subject.getState()));
}
}
public class HexObserver extends Observer {
public HexObserver(Subject subject) {
this.subject = subject;
this.subject.attach(this);
}
public void update() {
System.out.println("Hex String: " + Integer.toHexString(subject.getState()));
}
}
public class ObserverPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Subject subject = new Subject();
new BinaryObserver(subject);
new OctalObserver(subject);
new HexObserver(subject);
System.out.println("First state change: 15");
subject.setState(15);
System.out.println("Second state change: 10");
subject.setState(10);
}
}- 建造者模式（Builder Pattern）：
建造者模式透過將物件的建構過程分離，使得相同的建構過程可用於建立不同的表示。這可以提高程式碼的靈活性和可讀性，並且可以避免建置參數過多的問題。以下是一個建造者模式的程式碼範例：
public class Computer {
private String cpu;
private String memory;
private String disk;
// 省略其他属性和方法
}
public interface ComputerBuilder {
ComputerBuilder setCpu(String cpu);
ComputerBuilder setMemory(String memory);
ComputerBuilder setDisk(String disk);
Computer build();
}
public class BasicComputerBuilder implements ComputerBuilder {
private Computer computer;
public BasicComputerBuilder() {
computer = new Computer();
}
public ComputerBuilder setCpu(String cpu) {
computer.setCpu(cpu);
return this;
}
public ComputerBuilder setMemory(String memory) {
computer.setMemory(memory);
return this;
}
public ComputerBuilder setDisk(String disk) {
computer.setDisk(disk);
return this;
}
public Computer build() {
return computer;
}
}
public class Director {
private ComputerBuilder computerBuilder;
public Director(ComputerBuilder computerBuilder) {
this.computerBuilder = computerBuilder;
}
public Computer construct() {
return computerBuilder
.setCpu("i5")
.setMemory("8GB")
.setDisk("1TB")
.build();
}
}
public class BuilderPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ComputerBuilder computerBuilder = new BasicComputerBuilder();
Director director = new Director(computerBuilder);
Computer computer = director.construct();
System.out.println(computer.toString());
}
}- 原型模式（Prototype Pattern）：
原型模式透過複製現有物件來建立新對象，而不是重新建立。這可以提高物件的創建效率，尤其是當物件的初始化過程比較複雜時。以下是一個原型模式的程式碼範例：
public abstract class Shape implements Cloneable {
private String id;
protected String type;
abstract void draw();
public String getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(String id) {
this.id = id;
}
public Object clone() {
Object clone = null;
try {
clone = super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return clone;
}
}
public class Circle extends Shape {
public Circle() {
type = "Circle";
}
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Circle::draw() method.");
}
}
public class Rectangle extends Shape {
public Rectangle() {
type = "Rectangle";
}
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Rectangle::draw() method.");
}
}
public class ShapeCache {
private static Map<String, Shape> shapeMap = new HashMap<>();
public static Shape getShape(String shapeId) {
Shape cachedShape = shapeMap.get(shapeId);
return (Shape) cachedShape.clone();
}
public static void loadCache() {
Circle circle = new Circle();
circle.setId("1");
shapeMap.put(circle.getId(), circle);
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
rectangle.setId("2");
shapeMap.put(rectangle.getId(), rectangle);
}
}
public class PrototypePatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ShapeCache.loadCache();
Shape clonedShape1 = ShapeCache.getShape("1");
System.out.println("Shape: " + clonedShape1.getType());
Shape clonedShape2 = ShapeCache.getShape("2");
System.out.println("Shape: " + clonedShape2.getType());
}
}- 適配器模式（Adapter Pattern）：
適配器模式將一個類別的介面轉換成客戶端所期望的另一個介面。這可以在不改變現有程式碼的情況下，為不相容的介面之間提供協同工作的能力。以下是一個適配器模式的程式碼範例：
public interface MediaPlayer {
void play(String audioType, String fileName);
}
public interface AdvancedMediaPlayer {
void playVlc(String fileName);
void playMp4(String fileName);
}
public class VlcPlayer implements AdvancedMediaPlayer {
public void playVlc(String fileName) {
System.out.println("Playing vlc file. Name: " + fileName);
}
public void playMp4(String fileName) {
// 空实现
}
}
public class Mp4Player implements AdvancedMediaPlayer {
public void playVlc(String fileName) {
// 空实现
}
public void playMp4(String fileName) {
System.out.println("Playing mp4 file. Name: " + fileName);
}
}
public class MediaAdapter implements MediaPlayer {
AdvancedMediaPlayer advancedMediaPlayer;
public MediaAdapter(String audioType) {
if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc")) {
advancedMediaPlayer = new VlcPlayer();
} else if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")) {
advancedMediaPlayer = new Mp4Player();
}
}
public void play(String audioType, String fileName) {
if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc")) {
advancedMediaPlayer.playVlc(fileName);
} else if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")) {
advancedMediaPlayer.playMp4(fileName);
}
}
}
public class AudioPlayer implements MediaPlayer {
MediaAdapter mediaAdapter;
public void play(String audioType, String fileName) {
if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp3")) {
System.out.println("Playing mp3 file. Name: " + fileName);
} else if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc") || audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")) {
mediaAdapter = new MediaAdapter(audioType);
mediaAdapter.play(audioType, fileName);
} else {
System.out.println("Invalid media. " + audioType + " format not supported");
}
}
}
public class AdapterPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
AudioPlayer audioPlayer = new AudioPlayer();
audioPlayer.play("mp3", "beyond_the_horizon.mp3");
audioPlayer.play("mp4", "alone.mp4");
audioPlayer.play("vlc", "far_far_away.vlc");
audioPlayer.play("avi", "mind_me.avi");
}
}- 策略模式（Strategy Pattern）：
策略模式定義了一系列的演算法，並將每個演算法封裝起來，使得它們可以互相替換。這樣可以方便地切換演算法或擴展新的演算法，而不影響其他部分的程式碼。以下是一個策略模式的程式碼範例：
public interface Strategy {
int doOperation(int num1, int num2);
}
public class OperationAdd implements Strategy {
public int doOperation(int num1, int num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
}
public class OperationSubtract implements Strategy {
public int doOperation(int num1, int num2) {
return num1 - num2;
}
}
public class OperationMultiply implements Strategy {
public int doOperation(int num1, int num2) {
return num1 * num2;
}
}
public class Context {
private Strategy strategy;
public Context(Strategy strategy) {
this.strategy = strategy;
}
public int executeStrategy(int num1, int num2) {
return strategy.doOperation(num1, num2);
}
}
public class StrategyPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Context context = new Context(new OperationAdd());
System.out.println("10 + 5 = " + context.executeStrategy(10, 5));
context = new Context(new OperationSubtract());
System.out.println("10 - 5 = " + context.executeStrategy(10, 5));
context = new Context(new OperationMultiply());
System.out.println("10 * 5 = " + context.executeStrategy(10, 5));
}
}透過上述範例程式碼，我們對Java中常用的7種設計模式進行了簡單的介紹。每一種設計模式都有不同的場景和應用，它們可以在不同的專案中發揮作用。希望這篇文章可以幫助你了解並應用設計模式，並提升你的程式碼品質和開發效率。
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