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Debian的Linux中怎麼檢查軟體包是否已安裝

王林
王林轉載
2023-05-28 16:31:151867瀏覽

如果你正在管理debian或ubuntu伺服器,你也許會經常使用dpkg 或 apt-get指令。這兩個命令用來安裝、解除安裝和更新套件。

要檢查特定的套件,例如firefox是否安裝了,使用這個指令:

  dpkg -s firefox

範例輸出:

  package: firefox
  status: install ok installed
  priority: optional
  section: web
  installed-size: 93339
  maintainer: ubuntu mozilla team <ubuntu-mozillateam@lists.ubuntu.com>
  architecture: amd64
  version: 35.0+build3-0ubuntu0.14.04.2
  replaces: kubuntu-firefox-installer
  provides: gnome-www-browser, iceweasel, www-browser
  depends: lsb-release, libasound2 (>= 1.0.16), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libc6 (>= 2.17), libcairo2 (>= 1.2.4), libdbus-1-3 (>= 1.0.2), libdbus-glib-1-2 (>= 0.78), libfontconfig1 (>= 2.9.0), libfreetype6 (>= 2.2.1), libgcc1 (>= 1:4.1.1), libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.37.3), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.24.0), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.22.0), libpangocairo-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libstartup-notification0 (>= 0.8), libstdc++6 (>= 4.6), libx11-6, libxcomposite1 (>= 1:0.3-1), libxdamage1 (>= 1:1.1), libxext6, libxfixes3, libxrender1, libxt6
  recommends: xul-ext-ubufox, libcanberra0, libdbusmenu-glib4, libdbusmenu-gtk4
  suggests: ttf-lyx
  conffiles:
  /etc/firefox/syspref.js 09e457e65435a1a043521f2bd19cd2a1
  /etc/apport/blacklist.d/firefox ee63264f847e671832d42255912ce144
  /etc/apport/native-origins.d/firefox 7c26b75c7c2b715c89cc6d85338252a4
  /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.firefox f54f7a43361c7ecfa3874abca2f292cf
  description: safe and easy web browser from mozilla
  firefox delivers safe, easy web browsing. a familiar user interface,
  enhanced security features including protection from online identity theft,
  and integrated search let you get the most out of the web.
  xul-appid: {ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}

如上所見,firefox已經安裝了。

同樣,你可以使用dpkg-query 指令。這個指令會有一個更好的輸出,當然,你可以用通配符。

  dpkg-query -l firefox

範例輸出:

  desired=unknown/install/remove/purge/hold
  | status=not/inst/conf-files/unpacked/half-conf/half-inst/trig-await/trig-pend
  |/ err?=(none)/reinst-required (status,err: uppercase=bad)
  ||/ name version architecture description
  +++-====================================-=======================-=======================-=============================================================================
  ii firefox 35.0+build3-0ubuntu0.14 amd64 safe and easy web browser from mozilla

要列出你係統中安裝的所有套件,輸入下面的指令:

  dpkg --get-selections

範例輸出:

  abiword install
  abiword-common install
  accountsservice install
  acl install
  adduser install
  alsa-base install
  alsa-utils install
  anacron install
  app-install-data install
  apparmor install
  .
  .
  .
  zeitgeist install
  zeitgeist-core install
  zeitgeist-datahub install
  zenity install
  zenity-common install
  zip install
  zlib1g:amd64 install
  zlib1g:i386 install

上面的輸出可能會非常長,這取決於你的系統已安裝的套件。

你同樣可以透過grep來過濾割到更精確的包。例如,我想要使用dpkg指令查看系統中安裝的gcc套件:

  dpkg --get-selections | grep gcc

範例輸出:

  gcc install
  gcc-4.8 install
  gcc-4.8-base:amd64 install
  gcc-4.8-base:i386 install
  gcc-4.9-base:amd64 install
  gcc-4.9-base:i386 install
  libgcc-4.8-dev:amd64 install
  libgcc1:amd64 install
  libgcc1:i386 install

此外,你可以使用「-l」參數來找出套件中檔案的位置。

dpkg -l gcc-4.8

範例輸出:

  /.
  /usr
  /usr/share
  /usr/share/doc
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/readme.bugs
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/news.html
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/quadmath
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/quadmath/changelog.gz
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/gcc
  .
  .
  .
  /usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-4.8
  /usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar-4.8
  /usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-4.8

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