Java中的Fork/Join框架及呼叫方法
- WBOY轉載
- 2023-05-08 11:10:071626瀏覽
什麼是ForkJoin?
ForkJoin 從字面上看Fork是分岔的意思，Join是結合的意思，我們可以理解為將大任務拆分成小任務進行計算求解，最後將小任務的結果進行結合求出大任務的解，這些裂變出來的小任務，我們就可以交給不同的線程去進行計算，這也就是分散式計算的一種思想。這與大數據中的分散式離線計算MapReduce類似，對ForkJoin最經典的一個應用就是Java8中的Stream，我們知道Stream分為串行流和平行流，其中並行流parallelStream就是依賴ForkJoin來實現並行處理的。
下面我們一起來看看最核心的ForkJoinTask和ForkJoinPool。
ForkJoinTask 任務
ForkJoinTask本身的依賴關係並不複雜，它與非同步任務計算FutureTask一樣均實作了Future介面
#下面我們就ForkJoinTask的核心原始碼來研究一下，該任務是如何透過分治法進行計算。
ForkJoinTask最核心的莫過於fork()和join()方法了。
fork()
判斷目前執行緒是不是ForkJoinWorkerThread執行緒
是直接將目前執行緒push到工作佇列中
#否呼叫ForkJoinPool 的externalPush方法
ForkJoinPool建構了一個靜態的common對象，這裡呼叫的就是common的externalPush()
join()
- 呼叫doJoin()方法，等待執行緒執行完成
public final ForkJoinTask<V> fork() {
Thread t;
if ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)
((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).workQueue.push(this);
else
ForkJoinPool.common.externalPush(this);
return this;
}
public final V join() {
int s;
if ((s = doJoin() & DONE_MASK) != NORMAL)
reportException(s);
return getRawResult();
}
private int doJoin() {
int s; Thread t; ForkJoinWorkerThread wt; ForkJoinPool.WorkQueue w;
return (s = status) < 0 ? s :
((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
(w = (wt = (ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).workQueue).
tryUnpush(this) && (s = doExec()) < 0 ? s :
wt.pool.awaitJoin(w, this, 0L) :
externalAwaitDone();
}
// 获取结果的方法由子类实现
public abstract V getRawResult(); RecursiveTask 是ForkJoinTask的一個子類別主要對取得結果的方法進行了實現，透過泛型約束結果。我們如果需要自己建立任務，仍需要實作RecursiveTask，並且去寫最核心的計算方法compute()。 public abstract class RecursiveTask<V> extends ForkJoinTask<V> {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 5232453952276485270L;
V result;
protected abstract V compute();
public final V getRawResult() {
return result;
}
protected final void setRawResult(V value) {
result = value;
}
protected final boolean exec() {
result = compute();
return true;
}
}ForkJoinPool 執行緒池ForkJoinTask 中許多功能都依賴ForkJoinPool執行緒池，所以說ForkJoinTask運行離不開ForkJoinPool，ForkJoinPool與ThreadPoolExecutor有許多相似之處，他是專門用相似之處執行ForkJoinTask任務的線程池，我之前也有文章對線程池技術進行了介紹，感興趣的可以進行閱讀——從java源碼分析線程池(池化技術)的實現原理#ForkJoinPool與ThreadPoolExecutor的繼承關係幾乎是相同的，他們相當於兄弟關係。
竊取”其它任務隊列中的任務，這就是所謂的「工作竊取演算法」。
對於一般的隊列來說，入隊元素都是在隊尾，出隊元素在隊首，要滿足「工作竊取」的需求，任務隊列應該支援從「隊尾」出隊元素，這樣可以減少與其它工作線程的衝突（因為其它工作線程會從隊首獲取自己任務隊列中的任務），這時就需要使用雙端阻塞隊列來解決。 建構方法首先我們來看ForkJoinPool執行緒池的構造方法，他為我們提供了三種形式的構造，其中最為複雜的是四個入參的構造，下面我們看一下它四個入參都代表什麼？- int parallelism 可並行層級（不代表最多存在的執行緒數量）
- ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory 執行緒建立工廠
- #UncaughtExceptionHandler handler 異常捕捉處理器
- boolean asyncMode 先進先出的工作模式或後進先出的工作模式
public ForkJoinPool() {
this(Math.min(MAX_CAP, Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()),
defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);
}
public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism) {
this(parallelism, defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);
}
public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism,
ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory,
UncaughtExceptionHandler handler,
boolean asyncMode) {
this(checkParallelism(parallelism),
checkFactory(factory),
handler,
asyncMode ? FIFO_QUEUE : LIFO_QUEUE,
"ForkJoinPool-" + nextPoolId() + "-worker-");
checkPermission();
}提交方法
下面我們看一下提交任務的方法：
externalPush這個方法我們很眼熟，它正是在fork的時候如果目前執行緒不是ForkJoinWorkerThread，新提交任務也是會透過這個方法去執行任務。由此可見，fork就是新建一個子任務進行提交。
externalSubmit是最为核心的一个方法，它可以首次向池提交第一个任务，并执行二次初始化。它还可以检测外部线程的首次提交，并创建一个新的共享队列。
signalWork(ws, q)是发送工作信号，让工作队列进行运转。
public ForkJoinTask<?> submit(Runnable task) {
if (task == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
ForkJoinTask<?> job;
if (task instanceof ForkJoinTask<?>) // avoid re-wrap
job = (ForkJoinTask<?>) task;
else
job = new ForkJoinTask.AdaptedRunnableAction(task);
externalPush(job);
return job;
}
final void externalPush(ForkJoinTask<?> task) {
WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue q; int m;
int r = ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe();
int rs = runState;
if ((ws = workQueues) != null && (m = (ws.length - 1)) >= 0 &&
(q = ws[m & r & SQMASK]) != null && r != 0 && rs > 0 &&
U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 0, 1)) {
ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int am, n, s;
if ((a = q.array) != null &&
(am = a.length - 1) > (n = (s = q.top) - q.base)) {
int j = ((am & s) << ASHIFT) + ABASE;
U.putOrderedObject(a, j, task);
U.putOrderedInt(q, QTOP, s + 1);
U.putOrderedInt(q, QLOCK, 0);
if (n <= 1)
signalWork(ws, q);
return;
}
U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 1, 0);
}
externalSubmit(task);
}
private void externalSubmit(ForkJoinTask<?> task) {
int r; // initialize caller's probe
if ((r = ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe()) == 0) {
ThreadLocalRandom.localInit();
r = ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe();
}
for (;;) {
WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue q; int rs, m, k;
boolean move = false;
if ((rs = runState) < 0) {
tryTerminate(false, false); // help terminate
throw new RejectedExecutionException();
}
else if ((rs & STARTED) == 0 || // initialize
((ws = workQueues) == null || (m = ws.length - 1) < 0)) {
int ns = 0;
rs = lockRunState();
try {
if ((rs & STARTED) == 0) {
U.compareAndSwapObject(this, STEALCOUNTER, null,
new AtomicLong());
// create workQueues array with size a power of two
int p = config & SMASK; // ensure at least 2 slots
int n = (p > 1) ? p - 1 : 1;
n |= n >>> 1; n |= n >>> 2; n |= n >>> 4;
n |= n >>> 8; n |= n >>> 16; n = (n + 1) << 1;
workQueues = new WorkQueue[n];
ns = STARTED;
}
} finally {
unlockRunState(rs, (rs & ~RSLOCK) | ns);
}
}
else if ((q = ws[k = r & m & SQMASK]) != null) {
if (q.qlock == 0 && U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 0, 1)) {
ForkJoinTask<?>[] a = q.array;
int s = q.top;
boolean submitted = false; // initial submission or resizing
try { // locked version of push
if ((a != null && a.length > s + 1 - q.base) ||
(a = q.growArray()) != null) {
int j = (((a.length - 1) & s) << ASHIFT) + ABASE;
U.putOrderedObject(a, j, task);
U.putOrderedInt(q, QTOP, s + 1);
submitted = true;
}
} finally {
U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 1, 0);
}
if (submitted) {
signalWork(ws, q);
return;
}
}
move = true; // move on failure
}
else if (((rs = runState) & RSLOCK) == 0) { // create new queue
q = new WorkQueue(this, null);
q.hint = r;
q.config = k | SHARED_QUEUE;
q.scanState = INACTIVE;
rs = lockRunState(); // publish index
if (rs > 0 && (ws = workQueues) != null &&
k < ws.length && ws[k] == null)
ws[k] = q; // else terminated
unlockRunState(rs, rs & ~RSLOCK);
}
else
move = true; // move if busy
if (move)
r = ThreadLocalRandom.advanceProbe(r);
}
}创建工人（线程）
提交任务后，通过signalWork(ws, q)方法，发送工作信号，当符合没有执行完毕，且没有出现异常的条件下，循环执行任务，根据控制变量尝试添加工人（线程），通过线程工厂，生成线程，并且启动线程，也控制着工人（线程）的下岗。
final void signalWork(WorkQueue[] ws, WorkQueue q) {
long c; int sp, i; WorkQueue v; Thread p;
while ((c = ctl) < 0L) { // too few active
if ((sp = (int)c) == 0) { // no idle workers
if ((c & ADD_WORKER) != 0L) // too few workers
tryAddWorker(c);
break;
}
if (ws == null) // unstarted/terminated
break;
if (ws.length <= (i = sp & SMASK)) // terminated
break;
if ((v = ws[i]) == null) // terminating
break;
int vs = (sp + SS_SEQ) & ~INACTIVE; // next scanState
int d = sp - v.scanState; // screen CAS
long nc = (UC_MASK & (c + AC_UNIT)) | (SP_MASK & v.stackPred);
if (d == 0 && U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) {
v.scanState = vs; // activate v
if ((p = v.parker) != null)
U.unpark(p);
break;
}
if (q != null && q.base == q.top) // no more work
break;
}
}
private void tryAddWorker(long c) {
boolean add = false;
do {
long nc = ((AC_MASK & (c + AC_UNIT)) |
(TC_MASK & (c + TC_UNIT)));
if (ctl == c) {
int rs, stop; // check if terminating
if ((stop = (rs = lockRunState()) & STOP) == 0)
add = U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc);
unlockRunState(rs, rs & ~RSLOCK);
if (stop != 0)
break;
if (add) {
createWorker();
break;
}
}
} while (((c = ctl) & ADD_WORKER) != 0L && (int)c == 0);
}
private boolean createWorker() {
ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory fac = factory;
Throwable ex = null;
ForkJoinWorkerThread wt = null;
try {
if (fac != null && (wt = fac.newThread(this)) != null) {
wt.start();
return true;
}
} catch (Throwable rex) {
ex = rex;
}
deregisterWorker(wt, ex);
return false;
}
final void deregisterWorker(ForkJoinWorkerThread wt, Throwable ex) {
WorkQueue w = null;
if (wt != null && (w = wt.workQueue) != null) {
WorkQueue[] ws; // remove index from array
int idx = w.config & SMASK;
int rs = lockRunState();
if ((ws = workQueues) != null && ws.length > idx && ws[idx] == w)
ws[idx] = null;
unlockRunState(rs, rs & ~RSLOCK);
}
long c; // decrement counts
do {} while (!U.compareAndSwapLong
(this, CTL, c = ctl, ((AC_MASK & (c - AC_UNIT)) |
(TC_MASK & (c - TC_UNIT)) |
(SP_MASK & c))));
if (w != null) {
w.qlock = -1; // ensure set
w.transferStealCount(this);
w.cancelAll(); // cancel remaining tasks
}
for (;;) { // possibly replace
WorkQueue[] ws; int m, sp;
if (tryTerminate(false, false) || w == null || w.array == null ||
(runState & STOP) != 0 || (ws = workQueues) == null ||
(m = ws.length - 1) < 0) // already terminating
break;
if ((sp = (int)(c = ctl)) != 0) { // wake up replacement
if (tryRelease(c, ws[sp & m], AC_UNIT))
break;
}
else if (ex != null && (c & ADD_WORKER) != 0L) {
tryAddWorker(c); // create replacement
break;
}
else // don't need replacement
break;
}
if (ex == null) // help clean on way out
ForkJoinTask.helpExpungeStaleExceptions();
else // rethrow
ForkJoinTask.rethrow(ex);
}
public static interface ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory {
public ForkJoinWorkerThread newThread(ForkJoinPool pool);
}
static final class DefaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
implements ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory {
public final ForkJoinWorkerThread newThread(ForkJoinPool pool) {
return new ForkJoinWorkerThread(pool);
}
}
protected ForkJoinWorkerThread(ForkJoinPool pool) {
// Use a placeholder until a useful name can be set in registerWorker
super("aForkJoinWorkerThread");
this.pool = pool;
this.workQueue = pool.registerWorker(this);
}
final WorkQueue registerWorker(ForkJoinWorkerThread wt) {
UncaughtExceptionHandler handler;
wt.setDaemon(true); // configure thread
if ((handler = ueh) != null)
wt.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(handler);
WorkQueue w = new WorkQueue(this, wt);
int i = 0; // assign a pool index
int mode = config & MODE_MASK;
int rs = lockRunState();
try {
WorkQueue[] ws; int n; // skip if no array
if ((ws = workQueues) != null && (n = ws.length) > 0) {
int s = indexSeed += SEED_INCREMENT; // unlikely to collide
int m = n - 1;
i = ((s << 1) | 1) & m; // odd-numbered indices
if (ws[i] != null) { // collision
int probes = 0; // step by approx half n
int step = (n <= 4) ? 2 : ((n >>> 1) & EVENMASK) + 2;
while (ws[i = (i + step) & m] != null) {
if (++probes >= n) {
workQueues = ws = Arrays.copyOf(ws, n <<= 1);
m = n - 1;
probes = 0;
}
}
}
w.hint = s; // use as random seed
w.config = i | mode;
w.scanState = i; // publication fence
ws[i] = w;
}
} finally {
unlockRunState(rs, rs & ~RSLOCK);
}
wt.setName(workerNamePrefix.concat(Integer.toString(i >>> 1)));
return w;
}例：ForkJoinTask实现归并排序
这里我们就用经典的归并排序为例，构建一个我们自己的ForkJoinTask，按照归并排序的思路，重写其核心的compute()方法，通过ForkJoinPool.submit(task)提交任务，通过get()同步获取任务执行结果。
package com.zhj.interview;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
import java.util.concurrent.RecursiveTask;
public class Test16 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
int[] bigArr = new int[10000000];
for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
bigArr[i] = (int) (Math.random() * 10000000);
}
ForkJoinPool forkJoinPool = new ForkJoinPool();
MyForkJoinTask task = new MyForkJoinTask(bigArr);
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
forkJoinPool.submit(task).get();
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("耗时：" + (end-start));
}
}
class MyForkJoinTask extends RecursiveTask<int[]> {
private int source[];
public MyForkJoinTask(int source[]) {
if (source == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("参数有误！！！");
}
this.source = source;
}
@Override
protected int[] compute() {
int l = source.length;
if (l < 2) {
return Arrays.copyOf(source, l);
}
if (l == 2) {
if (source[0] > source[1]) {
int[] tar = new int[2];
tar[0] = source[1];
tar[1] = source[0];
return tar;
} else {
return Arrays.copyOf(source, l);
}
}
if (l > 2) {
int mid = l / 2;
MyForkJoinTask task1 = new MyForkJoinTask(Arrays.copyOf(source, mid));
task1.fork();
MyForkJoinTask task2 = new MyForkJoinTask(Arrays.copyOfRange(source, mid, l));
task2.fork();
int[] res1 = task1.join();
int[] res2 = task2.join();
int tar[] = merge(res1, res2);
return tar;
}
return null;
}
// 合并数组
private int[] merge(int[] res1, int[] res2) {
int l1 = res1.length;
int l2 = res2.length;
int l = l1 + l2;
int tar[] = new int[l];
for (int i = 0, i1 = 0, i2 = 0; i < l; i++) {
int v1 = i1 >= l1 ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : res1[i1];
int v2 = i2 >= l2 ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : res2[i2];
// 如果条件成立，说明应该取数组array1中的值
if(v1 < v2) {
tar[i] = v1;
i1++;
} else {
tar[i] = v2;
i2++;
}
}
return tar;
}
}ForkJoin计算流程
通过ForkJoinPool提交任务，获取结果流程如下，拆分子任务不一定是二分的形式，可参照MapReduce的模式，也可以按照具体需求进行灵活的设计。
以上是Java中的Fork/Join框架及呼叫方法的詳細內容。更多資訊請關注PHP中文網其他相關文章！
陳述：
本文轉載於：yisu.com。如有侵權，請聯絡admin@php.cn刪除