MySQL複製技術之異步複製與半同步複製
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- 2022-04-25 19:21:383689瀏覽
這篇文章為大家帶來了關於mysql的相關知識，其中主要介紹了關於MySQL複製技術的相關問題，包括了非同步複製、半同步複製等等內容，下面一起來看一下，希望對大家有幫助。
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#非同步複製
在非同步複製（async replication）中，Master不用關心Slave是否接收到二進位日誌，所以Master與Slave沒有任何的依賴關係。你可以認為Master和Slave是分別獨自工作的兩台伺服器，資料最終會透過二進位日誌達到一致。
非同步複製的效能最好，因為它對資料庫本身幾乎沒有任何開銷，除非主從延遲非常大，Dump Thread需要讀取大量二進位日誌檔案。
如果業務對於資料一致性要求不高，當發生故障時，能容忍資料的遺失，甚至大量的遺失，推薦用非同步複製，這樣效能最好（例如像微博這樣的業務，雖然它對效能的要求極高，但對於資料遺失，通常可以容忍）。但往往核心業務系統最關心的就是資料安全，例如監控業務、警報系統。
異步複製環境的規劃：
master（docker），連接埠3310
slave（docker），連接埠3311
master的設定
設定檔my.cnf
$ sudo cat /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/conf/my.cnf # For advice on how to change settings please see # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-configuration-defaults.html [mysqld] # # Remove leading # and set to the amount of RAM for the most important data # cache in MySQL. Start at 70% of total RAM for dedicated server, else 10%. # innodb_buffer_pool_size = 128M # # Remove leading # to turn on a very important data integrity option: logging # changes to the binary log between backups. # log_bin # # Remove leading # to set options mainly useful for reporting servers. # The server defaults are faster for transactions and fast SELECTs. # Adjust sizes as needed, experiment to find the optimal values. # join_buffer_size = 128M # sort_buffer_size = 2M # read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M #datadir=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/data #socket=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/mysql.sock character_set_server=utf8 init_connect='SET NAMES utf8' # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0 #log-error=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/logs/mysqld.log #pid-file=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/mysqld.pid lower_case_table_names=1 # 表名是否小写 server-id=1403311 log-bin=mysql-bin # 开启binlog binlog-format=ROW # binlog的格式 auto_increment_increment=1 # 自增的步长，适用于主主复制，为了避免id冲突，步长设置为master的个数 auto_increment_offset=1 # 自增的偏移，主主复制每个master的偏移需要不一致 # binlog-do-db=mstest # 要同步的数据库 # binlog-ignore-db=mysql # 要忽略的数据库 #rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled=1 #rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout=10000
啟動mysql：
$ docker run --name mysql3310 -p 3310:3306 --privileged=true -ti -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -e MYSQL_DATABASE=order -e MYSQL_USER=user -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=pass -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/logs/:/var/log/mysql -d mysql:5.7
建立用於同步的使用者：
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE,FILE,REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'repluser'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
在master上查看master的二進位日誌：
mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | mysql-bin.000003 | 1147 | | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看master上的進程清單：
mysql> show processlist; +----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | +----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ | 2 | root | localhost | order | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist | | 6 | repluser | 172.17.0.1:48450 | NULL | Binlog Dump | 448 | Master has sent all binlog to slave; waiting for more updates | NULL | +----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
slave的設定
設定檔my. cnf與master的配置一致，除了server-id欄位需唯一。
啟動mysql：
$ docker run --name mysql3311 -p 3311:3306 --privileged=true -ti -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -e MYSQL_DATABASE=order -e MYSQL_USER=user -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=pass -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/logs/:/var/log/mysql -d mysql:5.7
在slave中設定master的資訊：
# master_log_file和master_log_pos取上面show master status显示的值mysql> change master to master_host='172.23.252.98',master_port=3310,master_user='repluser',master_password='123456',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=1147;
開啟slave，啟動SQL和IO執行緒：
mysql> start slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
查看slave的狀態：
mysql> show slave status\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.54.214 Master_User: repluser Master_Port: 3310 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1147 Relay_Log_File: 2da789531bf3-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 320 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1147 Relay_Log_Space: 534 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1403311 Master_UUID: cd2eaa0a-7a59-11ec-b3b4-0242ac110002 Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version:1 row in set (0.00 sec)
只有新增的資料才會進行複製，存量的資料需要手動使用工具（如mysqldump）進行同步。
檢視slave上的行程清單：
mysql> show processlist; +----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | +----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ | 4 | root | localhost | order | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist | | 7 | system user | | NULL | Connect | 533 | Waiting for master to send event | NULL | | 8 | system user | | NULL | Connect | 127 | Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates | NULL | +----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
半同步複製
半同步複製是MySQL 5.7版本前的半同步複製機制。
半同步複製要求Master事務提交過程中，至少有N個Slave接收到二進位日誌，這樣就能保證當Master發生宕機，至少有N 台Slave伺服器中的資料是完整的。
半同步複製並不是MySQL內建的功能，而是要安裝半同步插件，並啟用半同步複製功能，設定N個Slave接受二進位日誌成功。
缺點：假設user1在主庫插入了一條數據，正在等待數據返回，user2這時就能查詢到這條數據了，如果此時master掛了，user2又查不到這條數據了，產生了類似幻讀的現象。
增強半同步複製
##增強半同步複製解決了半同步複製的缺點，WAIT和ACK發生在交易提交之前，因此即使Slave沒有收到二進位日誌，但是Master宕機了，由於最後一個交易還沒提交，所以本身這個資料對外也不可見，不存在遺失的問題。
# master mysql> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_master soname 'semisync_master.so'; # slave mysql> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_slave soname 'semisync_slave.so';確保插件安裝成功：
mysql> show plugins; ... ... | rpl_semi_sync_master | ACTIVE | REPLICATION | semisync_master.so | GPL | | rpl_semi_sync_slave | ACTIVE | REPLICATION | semisync_slave.so | GPL | +----------------------------+----------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+ 46 rows in set (0.00 sec)先啟動slave上的半同步：
mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled = {0|1}; # 1：启用，0：禁止再啟動master上的半同步：mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled = {0|1}; # 1：启用，0：禁止
# mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout = 10000; # 单位为ms，默认为10s從庫重啟io_thread：
mysql> stop slave io_thread; mysql> start slave io_thread;半同步的參數為什麼不建議寫入設定檔
參數寫入設定檔的話，會使實例啟動後立即進入半同步模式，如果發生長時間斷連的實例重新運行啟動，有可能導致主庫被拖垮。 長時間斷開的從庫，重新連接後，要等待追完全部事務後，手動開啟半同步模式，而不是啟動後直接切換，防止衝擊主庫。 查詢主庫狀態資訊
mysql> show global status like "%semi%";
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_status | ON |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status | ON |
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
重要參數說明：
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients：支持和注册半同步复制的已连Slave数
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times：master关闭半同步复制的次数
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx：master没有收到slave的回复而提交的次数，可以理解为master等待超时的次数，即半同步模式不成功提交数量
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_status：ON是活动状态（半同步），OFF是非活动状态（异步），用于表示主服务器使用的是异步复制模式，还是半同步复制模式
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time：master花在每个事务上的平均等待时间
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits：master等待成功的次数，即master没有等待超时的次数，也就是成功提交的次数
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx：master成功接收到slave的回复的次数，即半同步模式成功提交数量。
查询主库参数信息
mysql> show global variables like '%sync%'; +-------------------------------------------+------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +-------------------------------------------+------------+ | binlog_group_commit_sync_delay | 0 | | binlog_group_commit_sync_no_delay_count | 0 | | innodb_flush_sync | ON | | innodb_sync_array_size | 1 | | innodb_sync_spin_loops | 30 | | rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled | ON | | rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout | 10000 | | rpl_semi_sync_master_trace_level | 32 | | rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_for_slave_count | 1 | | rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_no_slave | ON | | rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point | AFTER_SYNC | | rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled | ON | | rpl_semi_sync_slave_trace_level | 32 | | sync_binlog | 1 | | sync_frm | ON | | sync_master_info | 10000 | | sync_relay_log | 10000 | | sync_relay_log_info | 10000 | +-------------------------------------------+------------+ 18 rows in set (0.01 sec)
重要参数说明：
- rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled：（主库）是否启动半同步
- rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout：等待多时毫秒后变成异步复制，默认是10000ms
- rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point：5.7默认AFTER_SYNC（增强版半同步复制，无损复制模式），在得到slave的应答后再commit，可选值AFTER_COMMIT，在master提交后同步数据给slave，然后master等待slave应答，应答成功返回客户端。
可以在slave端执行stop slave，测试master端会发生什么情况？
在master上执行下面的sql：
mysql> insert into t_order values(3,"C");Query OK, 1 row affected (10.05 sec)
会发现这条语句会阻塞10s（对应上面的参数rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout），然后执行成功，最后看看看master的日志描述：
2022-01-25T02:31:57.016430Z 4 [Note] Start binlog_dump to master_thread_id(4) slave_server(1403312), pos(mysql-bin.000005, 154) 2022-01-25T02:31:57.016515Z 4 [Note] Start asynchronous binlog_dump to slave (server_id: 1403312), pos(mysql-bin.000005, 154) 2022-01-25T02:33:32.183819Z 2 [Note] Semi-sync replication initialized for transactions. 2022-01-25T02:33:32.183865Z 2 [Note] Semi-sync replication enabled on the master. 2022-01-25T02:33:32.184004Z 0 [Note] Starting ack receiver thread 2022-01-25T02:33:59.644444Z 5 [Note] While initializing dump thread for slave with UUID <aba2eb12-7cbc-11ec-9c1d-0242ac110003>, found a zombie dump thread with the same UUID. Master is killing the zombie dump thread(4). 2022-01-25T02:33:59.644612Z 5 [Note] Start binlog_dump to master_thread_id(5) slave_server(1403312), pos(mysql-bin.000005, 154) 2022-01-25T02:33:59.644632Z 4 [Note] Stop asynchronous binlog_dump to slave (server_id: 1403312) 2022-01-25T02:33:59.644727Z 5 [Note] Start semi-sync binlog_dump to slave (server_id: 1403312), pos(mysql-bin.000005, 154) 2022-01-25T02:38:02.847879Z 0 [ERROR] mysqld: Got an error reading communication packets 2022-01-25T02:38:27.228952Z 2 [Warning] Timeout waiting for reply of binlog (file: mysql-bin.000005, pos: 684), semi-sync up to file mysql-bin.000005, position 419. 2022-01-25T02:38:27.229063Z 2 [Note] Semi-sync replication switched OFF. 2022-01-25T02:39:47.230189Z 5 [Note] Stop semi-sync binlog_dump to slave (server_id: 1403312)</aba2eb12-7cbc-11ec-9c1d-0242ac110003>
可以发现半同步关闭了，变成异步模式。
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