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nginx快速入門

王林

Jan 27, 2021 am 10:12 AM

nginx

nginx快速入門

nginx簡單介紹：

（學習影片分享：程式設計入門）

Nginx (engine x) 是一款輕量級的Web 伺服器、反向代理伺服器及電子郵件（IMAP/POP3）代理伺服器。它是來自俄羅斯的Igor Sysoev在為Rambler Media工作期間，使用C語言開發的。

Igor Sysoev將Nginx的程式碼開源，並且賦予其最自由的2-clause BSD-like license許可證。由於Nginx使用基於事件驅動的架構能夠並發處理百萬級的TCP連接，高度模組化的設計和自由的許可證使得擴展Nginx功能的第三方模組層出不窮，而且優秀的設計帶來了極佳的穩定性，因此其作為Web伺服器被廣泛應用到大流量的網站上。

所謂反向代理（Reverse Proxy）方式是指以代理伺服器來接受internet 上的連接請求，然後將請求轉發給內部網路上的伺服器，並將從伺服器上得到的結果傳回給internet上請求連線的客戶端，此時代理伺服器對外就表現為一個反向代理伺服器。

既然有反向代理，那麼也就有正向代理。正向代理程式是位於客戶端和原始伺服器之間的伺服器，為了從原始伺服器取得內容，客戶端向代理程式發送請求並指定目標，然後代理程式向原始伺服器轉交請求並將獲得的內容傳回給客戶端。

可以說正向代理代理的是客戶端，反向代理代理的是伺服器。

nginx快速入門

使用Nginx有下列優點：

nginx快速入門

依賴函式庫

現在伺服器一般都會使用Linux作業系統，在編譯和安裝Nginx之前，你需要先安裝其依賴的函式庫。

以下列舉幾個完成Web伺服器最基本功能所必需的程式庫。

GCC

GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）可用於編譯C語言程式。

Nginx通常不會直接提供二進位可執行程序，因此我們需要編譯其原始碼。

而且我們可能會使用C 來寫Nginx HTTP模組，這時就需要用到G 編譯器了。

用yum安裝G 編譯器：

yum install -y gcc-c++

PCRE

PCRE函式庫PCRE（Perl Compatible Regular Expressions，Perl相容正規表示式）是由Philip Hazel開發的函式庫，目前為許多軟體所使用，該程式庫支援正規表示式。它是由RegEx演化而來，實際上， Perl正規表示式也是源自於Henry Spencer寫的RegEx。

如果我們在設定檔nginx.conf裡使用了正規表示式，那麼在編譯Nginx時就必須把PCRE函式庫編譯進Nginx，因為Nginx的HTTP模組要靠它來解析正規表示式。

當然，如果你確認不會使用正規表示式，就不必安裝它。

其yum安裝方式如下：

yum install -y pcre pcre-devel

pcre-devel是使用PCRE做二次開發時所需要的開發函式庫，包括頭檔等，這也是編譯Nginx所必須使用的。

zlib函式庫

zlib函式庫用於對HTTP套件的內容做gzip格式的壓縮，如果我們在nginx.conf裡配置了gzip on，並指定對於某些類型（content-型）的HTTP回應使用gzip來進行壓縮以減少網路傳輸量，那麼，編譯時就必須把zlib編譯進Nginx。

其yum安裝方式如下

yum install -y zlib zlib-devel

同理，zlib是直接使用的函式庫，zlib-devel是二次開發所需的函式庫。

OpenSSL開發庫

如果我們的伺服器不只是要支援HTTP，還需要在更安全的SSL協定上傳輸HTTP，那麼就需要擁有OpenSSL了。

另外，如果我們想使用MD5、SHA1等雜湊函數，那麼也需要安裝它。

其yum安裝方式如下：

yum install -y openssl openssl-devel

下載原始碼包

#進入Nginx官方網站的下載介面，選擇最新的穩定版本。

然後使用wget 指令下載：

[root@host nginx]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.0.tar.gz
--2019-05-23 03:28:52--  http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.0.tar.gz
Resolving nginx.org... 62.210.92.35, 95.211.80.227, 2001:1af8:4060:a004:21::e3
Connecting to nginx.org|62.210.92.35|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1032345 (1008K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: “nginx-1.16.0.tar.gz”

100%[==========================================================================================================================================>] 1,032,345    715K/s   in 1.4s    

2019-05-23 03:28:53 (715 KB/s) - “nginx-1.16.0.tar.gz” saved [1032345/1032345]

解壓縮檔：

[root@host nginx]# tar xf nginx-1.16.0.tar.gz 
[root@host nginx]# ls
nginx-1.16.0  nginx-1.16.0.tar.gz
[root@host nginx]# cd nginx-1.16.0
[root@host nginx-1.16.0]# ls
auto  CHANGES  CHANGES.ru  conf  configure  contrib  html  LICENSE  man  README  src

編譯安裝

編譯並安裝Nginx使用下面三條指令：

./configure make make install

如果你依賴的函式庫找不到的話，在執行./configure指令的時候會報錯，例如找不到PCRE函式庫：

./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre=<path> option.

正常的輸出應該是下面這樣，並且產生了Makefile ：

[root@host nginx-1.16.0]# ./configure
checking for OS
 + Linux 4.10.4-1.el6.elrepo.i686 i686
checking for C compiler ... found
 + using GNU C compiler
 + gcc version: 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-23) (GCC) 
checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found
checking for -Wl,-E switch ... found
checking for gcc builtin atomic operations ... found
checking for C99 variadic macros ... found
checking for gcc variadic macros ... found
checking for gcc builtin 64 bit byteswap ... found
checking for unistd.h ... found
checking for inttypes.h ... found
checking for limits.h ... found
checking for sys/filio.h ... not found
checking for sys/param.h ... found
checking for sys/mount.h ... found
checking for sys/statvfs.h ... found
checking for crypt.h ... found
checking for Linux specific features
checking for epoll ... found
checking for EPOLLRDHUP ... found
checking for EPOLLEXCLUSIVE ... not found
checking for O_PATH ... not found
checking for sendfile() ... found
checking for sendfile64() ... found
checking for sys/prctl.h ... found
checking for prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE) ... found
checking for prctl(PR_SET_KEEPCAPS) ... found
checking for capabilities ... found
checking for crypt_r() ... found
checking for sys/vfs.h ... found
checking for nobody group ... found
checking for poll() ... found
checking for /dev/poll ... not found
checking for kqueue ... not found
checking for crypt() ... not found
checking for crypt() in libcrypt ... found
checking for F_READAHEAD ... not found
checking for posix_fadvise() ... found
checking for O_DIRECT ... found
checking for F_NOCACHE ... not found
checking for directio() ... not found
checking for statfs() ... found
checking for statvfs() ... found
checking for dlopen() ... not found
checking for dlopen() in libdl ... found
checking for sched_yield() ... found
checking for sched_setaffinity() ... found
checking for SO_SETFIB ... not found
checking for SO_REUSEPORT ... found
checking for SO_ACCEPTFILTER ... not found
checking for SO_BINDANY ... not found
checking for IP_TRANSPARENT ... found
checking for IP_BINDANY ... not found
checking for IP_BIND_ADDRESS_NO_PORT ... not found
checking for IP_RECVDSTADDR ... not found
checking for IP_SENDSRCADDR ... not found
checking for IP_PKTINFO ... found
checking for IPV6_RECVPKTINFO ... found
checking for TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT ... found
checking for TCP_KEEPIDLE ... found
checking for TCP_FASTOPEN ... not found
checking for TCP_INFO ... found
checking for accept4() ... found
checking for eventfd() ... found
checking for int size ... 4 bytes
checking for long size ... 4 bytes
checking for long long size ... 8 bytes
checking for void * size ... 4 bytes
checking for uint32_t ... found
checking for uint64_t ... found
checking for sig_atomic_t ... found
checking for sig_atomic_t size ... 4 bytes
checking for socklen_t ... found
checking for in_addr_t ... found
checking for in_port_t ... found
checking for rlim_t ... found
checking for uintptr_t ... uintptr_t found
checking for system byte ordering ... little endian
checking for size_t size ... 4 bytes
checking for off_t size ... 8 bytes
checking for time_t size ... 4 bytes
checking for AF_INET6 ... found
checking for setproctitle() ... not found
checking for pread() ... found
checking for pwrite() ... found
checking for pwritev() ... found
checking for sys_nerr ... found
checking for localtime_r() ... found
checking for clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) ... not found
checking for clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) in librt ... found
checking for posix_memalign() ... found
checking for memalign() ... found
checking for mmap(MAP_ANON|MAP_SHARED) ... found
checking for mmap("/dev/zero", MAP_SHARED) ... found
checking for System V shared memory ... found
checking for POSIX semaphores ... not found
checking for POSIX semaphores in libpthread ... found
checking for struct msghdr.msg_control ... found
checking for ioctl(FIONBIO) ... found
checking for struct tm.tm_gmtoff ... found
checking for struct dirent.d_namlen ... not found
checking for struct dirent.d_type ... found
checking for sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN) ... found
checking for sysconf(_SC_LEVEL1_DCACHE_LINESIZE) ... found
checking for openat(), fstatat() ... found
checking for getaddrinfo() ... found
checking for PCRE library ... found
checking for PCRE JIT support ... not found
checking for zlib library ... found
creating objs/Makefile

Configuration summary
  + using system PCRE library
  + OpenSSL library is not used
  + using system zlib library

  nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx"
  nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
  nginx modules path: "/usr/local/nginx/modules"
  nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf"
  nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
  nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
  nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log"
  nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log"
  nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
  nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
  nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
  nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
  nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"

查看Nginx版本

安裝成功以後，可以透過-v參數查看Nginx版本。

[root@host sbin]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -v nginx version: nginx/1.16.0

啟動

Nginx支援直接啟動，也支援帶參數啟動，以下分別示範一下。

端口佔用

Nginx需要使用80端口，如果80端口被佔用，啟動會有如下報錯：

nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)

可以使用lsof工具查看端口佔用情況，如果你沒有裝，可以使用以下指令安裝:

yum install -y lsof

查看本機80埠的佔用情況，並殺掉佔用的進程：

[root@host sbin]# lsof -i :80
COMMAND  PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
java    1765 root   53u  IPv6  15062      0t0  TCP *:http (LISTEN)
[root@host sbin]# killall -9 java
[root@host sbin]# lsof -i :80
[root@host sbin]#

預設啟動

使用whereis命令查看nginx的安装目录：

[root@host nginx-1.16.0]# whereis nginx
nginx: /usr/local/nginx

如果不加任何参数启动，会使用默认的nginx.conf配置文件启动Nginx:

/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

启动成功以后，再请求服务器的时候可以看到包含下面内容的网页:

Welcome to nginx!
If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and working. Further configuration is required.

For online documentation and support please refer to nginx.org.
Commercial support is available at nginx.com.

Thank you for using nginx.

带参数启动

-c参数指定配置文件的启动方式：

./nginx -c mynginx.conf

-p参数指定Nginx的安装目录：

./nginx -p mydir/nginx

-g参数临时指定一些全局配置项

./nginx -g "pid varnginx/test.pid;"

上面这行命令意味着会把pid文件写到varnginx/test.pid中。

-g参数的约束条件是指定的配置项不能与默认路径下的nginx.conf中的配置项相冲突，否则无法启动。

就像上例那样，类似这样的配置项：pid logs/nginx.pid，是不能存在于默认的nginx.conf中的。

另一个约束条件是，以-g方式启动的Nginx服务执行其他命令行时，需要把-g参数也带上，否则可能出现配置项不匹配的情形。

在不启动Nginx的情况下，使用-t参数仅测试配置文件是否有错误。例如：

./nginx -t

执行结果中显示配置是否正确。

[root@host sbin]# ./nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

测试配置选项时，使用-q参数可以不把error级别以下的信息输出到屏幕。例如：

./nginx -t -q

停止服务

停止Nginx的服务主要有两种方式。

一种是快速停止，即立即停止Nginx服务正在处理的所有网络请求，马上丢弃连接停止服务。

另外一种是平缓地停止，即允许Nginx处理完当前的请求，但不再接收新的请求，之后再关闭连接，停止工作。

快速停止服务

/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop

kill服务

kill -s SIGTERM 进程ID或kill -s SIGINT 进程ID与上面./nginx -s stop命令的效果是一样的。

[root@host sbin]# ps -ef|grep nginx 
root     10568     1  0 04:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process ./nginx
nobody   10569 10568  0 04:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root     10571  5440  0 04:23 pts/1    00:00:00 grep nginx
[root@host sbin]# kill -s SIGINT 10568
[root@host sbin]# ps -ef|grep nginx 
root     10574  5440  0 04:24 pts/1    00:00:00 grep nginx
[root@host sbin]#

优雅地停止服务

如果希望Nginx服务可以正常地处理完当前所有请求再停止服务，那么可以使用-s quit参数来停止服务。

例如：