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#有時您可能想要限制可以在參數化類型中用作類型參數的類型。例如,對數字進行操作的方法可能只希望接受Number或其子類別的實例。這就是有界型參數的用途。
受限參數類型的方法範例
要宣告有界型別參數,請列出型別參數的名稱,後面接著extends關鍵字,然後是其上限,在本例中為Number
請注意,在這種情況下,extends通常用於表示「擴充」(如在類別中)或「實作」(如在介面中)。
package generics; /** * 定义受限制的方法 * * @author psdxdgK1DT * */ public class Box<T> { private T t; public void set(T t) { this.t = t; } public T get() { return t; } /** * 通过修改我们的通用泛型方法以包含此有界类型参数,现在编译将失败,因为我们对inspect的调用仍包含String: * By modifying our generic method to include this bounded type parameter * compilation will now fail, since our invocation of inspect still includes a String: * inspect:单词:检查 * @param <U> * @param u */ public <U extends Number> void inspect(U u) { System.out.println("T:" + t.getClass().getName()); System.out.println("U:" + u.getClass().getName()); } public static void main(String[] args) { Box<Integer> integerBox = new Box<Integer>(); integerBox.set(new Integer("some text")); integerBox.inspect("some test");这里会出现预编译错误 integerBox.inspect(10); } }
在顯示器上會出現紅色的波浪線表示編譯錯誤
如果強行編譯則會報錯:
program run result:
Exception in thread “main” java.lang.Error: Unresolved compilation problem: The method inspect(U) in the type Box is not applicable for the arguments (String)
at generics.Box.main(Box.java:36)
譯文:
未解決的編譯錯誤
Box類的inspect(U)方法不可應用於(String)類型參數\
使用受限型別的類別可呼叫受限邊界方法
除了限制可用於實例化泛型類型的類型外,有界類型參數還允許您呼叫在邊界中定義的方法:
//使用受限类型参数的类 public class NaturalNumber<T extends Integer> { private T n; public NaturalNumber(T n) { this.n = n; } public boolean isEven() { return n.intValue() % 2 == 0; } // ...
isEven方法透過n呼叫Integer類別中定義的intValue方法。
多重受限邊界(Multiple Bounds)
The preceding example illustrates the use of a type parameter with a single bound, but a type parameter can have multiple bounds:
dee20d5a101ff37576d3dea788a52029 A type variable with multiple bounds is a subtype of all the types listed in the bound. If one of the bounds is a class, it must be spec bound. first. For example:
Class A { /* … / } interface B { / … / } interface C { / … */ }
class D 6790247218b9dc5784654575b96adc6d { /* … */ } If bound A is not specified first, you get a compile-time error:
#class D b08ac1cb90d2575d3d2e6d9d9e86e32d { /* … */ } // compile-time error
泛型演算法
#有界型別參數是實作泛型演算法的關鍵。考慮下面的方法,該方法計算數組T[]中大於指定元素elem的元素數。
public static <T> int countGreaterThan(T[] anArray, T elem) { int count = 0; for (T e : anArray) if (e > elem) // compiler error ++count; return count; } The implementation of the method is straightforward, but it does not compile because the greater than operator (>) applies only to primitive types such as short, int, double, long, float, byte, and char. You cannot use the > operator to compare objects. To fix the problem, use a type parameter bounded by the Comparable<T> interface: public interface Comparable<T> { public int compareTo(T o); } The resulting code will be: public static <T extends Comparable<T>> int countGreaterThan(T[] anArray, T elem) { int count = 0; for (T e : anArray) //因为这里的T是受限制的类型参数,实现了Comparable接口,于是可以使用接口的方法compareTo if (e.compareTo(elem) > 0) ++count; return count; }
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