ThreadLocal翻譯成中文比較準確的叫法應該是:線程局部變數。
這個玩意有什麼用處,或者說為什麼要有這麼一個東東?先解釋一下,在並發程式設計的時候,成員變數如果不做任何處理其實是線程不安全的,各個線程都在操作同一個變量,顯然是不行的,並且我們也知道volatile這個關鍵字也是不能保證線程安全的。那麼在有一種情況之下,我們需要滿足這樣一個條件:變數是同一個,但是每個執行緒都使用同一個初始值,也就是使用同一個變數的新的副本。這種情況之下ThreadLocal就非常使用,比如說DAO的資料庫連接,我們知道DAO是單例的,那麼他的屬性Connection就不是線程安全的變數。而我們每個線程都需要使用他,並且各自使用各自的。這種情況,ThreadLocal就比較好的解決了這個問題。
我們從原始碼的角度來分析這個問題。
先定義一個ThreadLocal:
ThreadLocal<Connection> tl = ThreadLocal<Connection> Connection initConn = = DriverManager.getConnection("url, name and password"=( ==
package java.lang;import java.lang.ref.*;import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;public class ThreadLocal<T> { private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode(); private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode =new AtomicInteger();private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;private static int nextHashCode() {return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT); }protected T initialValue() {return null; }public ThreadLocal() { }public T get() { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);if (map != null) { ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);if (e != null)return (T)e.value; }return setInitialValue(); }private T setInitialValue() { T value = initialValue(); Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);if (map != null) map.set(this, value);elsecreateMap(t, value);return value; }public void set(T value) { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);if (map != null) map.set(this, value);elsecreateMap(t, value); } public void remove() { ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread()); if (m != null) m.remove(this); }ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {return t.threadLocals; }void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) { t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue); }static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap); }T childValue(T parentValue) {throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); }static class ThreadLocalMap {static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal> {/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */Object value; Entry(ThreadLocal k, Object v) {super(k); value = v; } }private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;private Entry[] table;private int size = 0;private int threshold; // Default to 0private void setThreshold(int len) { threshold = len * 2 / 3; }private static int nextIndex(int i, int len) {return ((i + 1 < len) ? i + 1 : 0); }private static int prevIndex(int i, int len) {return ((i - 1 >= 0) ? i - 1 : len - 1); }ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal firstKey, Object firstValue) { table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1); table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue); size = 1; setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY); }private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) { Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table;int len = parentTable.length; setThreshold(len); table = new Entry[len];for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) { Entry e = parentTable[j];if (e != null) { ThreadLocal key = e.get();if (key != null) { Object value = key.childValue(e.value); Entry c = new Entry(key, value);int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);while (table[h] != null) h = nextIndex(h, len); table[h] = c; size++; } } } }private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal key) {int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1); Entry e = table[i];if (e != null && e.get() == key)return e;elsereturn getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e); }private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal key, int i, Entry e) { Entry[] tab = table;int len = tab.length;while (e != null) { ThreadLocal k = e.get();if (k == key)return e;if (k == null) expungeStaleEntry(i);elsei = nextIndex(i, len); e = tab[i]; }return null; }private void set(ThreadLocal key, Object value) {Entry[] tab = table;int len = tab.length;int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);for (Entry e = tab[i]; e != null; e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) { ThreadLocal k = e.get();if (k == key) { e.value = value;return; }if (k == null) { replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);return; } } tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);int sz = ++size;if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold) rehash(); }private void remove(ThreadLocal key) { Entry[] tab = table;int len = tab.length;int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);for (Entry e = tab[i]; e != null; e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {if (e.get() == key) { e.clear(); expungeStaleEntry(i);return; } } }private void replaceStaleEntry(ThreadLocal key, Object value, int staleSlot) { Entry[] tab = table;int len = tab.length; Entry e;int slotToExpunge = staleSlot;for (int i = prevIndex(staleSlot, len); (e = tab[i]) != null; i = prevIndex(i, len))if (e.get() == null) slotToExpunge = i;for (int i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len); (e = tab[i]) != null; i = nextIndex(i, len)) { ThreadLocal k = e.get();if (k == key) { e.value = value; tab[i] = tab[staleSlot]; tab[staleSlot] = e;if (slotToExpunge == staleSlot) slotToExpunge = i; cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);return; }if (k == null && slotToExpunge == staleSlot) slotToExpunge = i; }tab[staleSlot].value = null; tab[staleSlot] = new Entry(key, value);if (slotToExpunge != staleSlot) cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len); }private int expungeStaleEntry(int staleSlot) { Entry[] tab = table;int len = tab.length;tab[staleSlot].value = null; tab[staleSlot] = null; size--; Entry e;int i;for (i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len); (e = tab[i]) != null; i = nextIndex(i, len)) { ThreadLocal k = e.get();if (k == null) { e.value = null; tab[i] = null; size--; } else {int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);if (h != i) { tab[i] = null;while (tab[h] != null) h = nextIndex(h, len); tab[h] = e; } } }return i; }private boolean cleanSomeSlots(int i, int n) {boolean removed = false; Entry[] tab = table;int len = tab.length;do { i = nextIndex(i, len); Entry e = tab[i];if (e != null && e.get() == null) { n = len; removed = true; i = expungeStaleEntry(i); } } while ( (n >>>= 1) != 0);return removed; }private void rehash() { expungeStaleEntries();// Use lower threshold for doubling to avoid hysteresisif (size >= threshold - threshold / 4) resize(); }private void resize() { Entry[] oldTab = table;int oldLen = oldTab.length;int newLen = oldLen * 2; Entry[] newTab = new Entry[newLen];int count = 0;for (int j = 0; j < oldLen; ++j) { Entry e = oldTab[j];if (e != null) { ThreadLocal k = e.get();if (k == null) { e.value = null; // Help the GC} else {int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (newLen - 1);while (newTab[h] != null) h = nextIndex(h, newLen); newTab[h] = e; count++; } } } setThreshold(newLen); size = count; table = newTab; }private void expungeStaleEntries() { Entry[] tab = table;int len = tab.length;for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) { Entry e = tab[j];if (e != null && e.get() == null) expungeStaleEntry(j); } } } }
這樣子,都是用同一個連接,但是每個連接都是新的,是同一個連接的副本。
那麼實現機制是如何的呢?
1、每個Thread物件內部都維護了一個ThreadLocalMap這樣一個ThreadLocal的Map,可以存放若干個ThreadLocal
/* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained * by the ThreadLocal class. */ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
2、當我們在呼叫get( )方法的時候,先取得當前線程,然後取得到當前線程的ThreadLocalMap對象,如果非空,那麼取出ThreadLocal的value,否則進行初始化,初始化就是將initialValue的值set到ThreadLocal。
public T get() { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);if (map != null) { ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);if (e != null)return (T)e.value; }return setInitialValue(); }
3、當我們呼叫set()方法的時候,很常規,就是將值設為ThreadLocal。
4、總結:當我們呼叫get方法的時候,其實每個目前執行緒都有一個ThreadLocal。每次取得或設定都是對該ThreadLocal進行的操作,是與其他執行緒分開的。
5、應用程式場景:當很多執行緒需要多次使用同一個對象,並且需要該物件具有相同初始化值的時候最適合使用ThreadLocal。
6、其實說再多也不如看一下原始碼來得清晰。如果要看源碼,其中涉及到一個WeakReference和一個Map,這兩個地方需要了解下,這兩個東西分別是a.Java的弱引用,也就是GC的時候會銷毀該引用所包裹(引用)的對象,這個threadLocal作為key可能被銷毀,但是只要我們定義成他的類不卸載,tl這個強引用就始終引用著這個ThreadLocal的,永遠不會被gc掉。 b.和HashMap差不多。
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