1、Set基本資料型別
a、set集合,是一個無序且不重複的元素集合
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class set(object): """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. """ def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Add an element to a set,添加元素 This has no effect if the element is already present. """ pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements from this set. 清楚内容""" pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return a shallow copy of a set. 浅拷贝 """ pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在,B中不存在 (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) """ pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. 从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素""" pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素,不存在不保错 """ pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集 (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) """ pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. 取交集并更更新到A中 """ pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. 如果没有交集,返回True,否则返回False""" pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether another set contains this set. 是否是子序列""" pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列""" pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove and return an arbitrary set element. Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素 """ pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素,不存在保错 """ pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 对称交集 (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) """ pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 对称交集,并更新到a中 """ pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the union of sets as a new set. 并集 (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) """ pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """ passb、資料類型模組範例
se = {11,22,33,44,55} be = {44,55,66,77,88} # se.add(66) # print(se) #添加元素,不能直接打印! # # # # se.clear() # print(se) #清除se集合里面所有的值,不能清除单个 # # # # ce=be.difference(se) #se中存在,be中不存在的值,必须赋值给一个新的变量 # print(ce) # # # se.difference_update(be) # print(se) #在se中删除和be相同的值,不能赋值给一个新的变量,先输入转换,然后打印,也不能直接打印! # se.discard(11) # print(se) #移除指定元素,移除不存在的时候,不会报错 # se.remove(11) # print(se) #移除指定的元素,移除不存在的会报错 # se.pop() # print(se) #移除随机的元素 # # # ret=se.pop() # print(ret) #移除元素,并且可以把移除的元素赋值给另一个变量 # ce = se.intersection(be) # print(ce) #取出两个集合的交集(相同的元素) # se.intersection_update(be) # print(se) #取出两个集合的交集,并更新到se集合中 # ret = se.isdisjoint(be) # print(ret) #判断两个集合之间又没有交集,如果有交集返回False,没有返回True # ret=se.issubset(be) # print(ret) #判断se是否是be集合的子序列,如果是返回True,不是返回Flase # ret = se.issuperset(be) # print(ret) #判断se是不是be集合的父序列,如果是返回True,不是返回Flase # ret=se.symmetric_difference(be) # print(ret) #对称交集,取出除了不相同的元素 # se.symmetric_difference_update(be) # print(se) #对称交集,取出不相同的元素并更新到se集合中 # ret = se.union(be) # print(ret) #并集,把两个元素集合并在一个新的变量中
#2、深淺拷貝
對於數字和字串而言,賦值、淺拷貝和深拷貝無意義,因為其永遠指向同一個記憶體位址。
import copy # ######### 数字、字符串 ######### n1 = 123 # n1 = "i am alex age 10" print(id(n1)) # ## 赋值 ## n2 = n1 print(id(n2)) # ## 浅拷贝 ## n2 = copy.copy(n1) print(id(n2)) # ## 深拷贝 ## n3 = copy.deepcopy(n1) print(id(n3))b、其他基本資料型別對於字典、元祖、列表而言,進行賦值、淺拷貝和深拷貝時,其記憶體位址的變化是不同的。 1、賦值
賦值,只是建立一個變量,該變數指向原來記憶體位址,如:
n1 = {"k1": "zhangyanlin", "k2": 123, "k3": ["Aylin", 456]}
n2 = n1
##2、淺拷貝
import copy n1 = {"k1": "zhangyanlin", "k2": 123, "k3": ["aylin", 456]} n3 = copy.copy(n1)
3、函數
函數式:將某功能程式碼封裝到函數中,日後便無需重複編寫,僅調用函數即可
物件導向:對函數進行分類和封裝,讓開發「更快更好更強....函數的定義主要有以下要點:
def:表示函數的關鍵字
函數名稱:函數的名稱,日後根據函數名稱呼叫函數
函數體:函數中進行一系列的邏輯計算,如:發送郵件、計算出[11,22,38,888, 2]中的最大數等...
參數:為函數體提供資料
傳回值:當函數執行完畢後,可以給呼叫者回傳資料。傳回值
函數是一個功能塊,該功能到底執行成功與否,需要透過傳回值來告知呼叫者。
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def 发送短信(): 发送短信的代码... if 发送成功: return True else: return False while True: # 每次执行发送短信函数,都会将返回值自动赋值给result # 之后,可以根据result来写日志,或重发等操作 result = 发送短信() if result == False: 短信发送失败...函數的有三中不同的參數:
普通參數
#定義函數
# name 叫做函數func的形式參數,簡稱:形參
print name
## 執行函數 # 'zhangyanlin' 稱為函數func的實際參數,簡稱:實參func('zhangyanlin')
預設參數
def func(name, age = 18):
print "%s:%s" %(name,age)
# 指定參數
func('zhangyanlin', 19)
func('nick')
:預設參數需要放在參數清單最後
def func(*args): print args # 执行方式一 func(11,33,4,4454,5) # 执行方式二 li = [11,2,2,3,3,4,54] func(*li)#############
def func(**kwargs): print args # 执行方式一 func(name='wupeiqi',age=18) # 执行方式二 li = {'name':'wupeiqi', age:18, 'gender':'male'} func(**li)############
def func(*args, **kwargs): print args print kwargs######################################################### ###郵件實例:#########
def email(p,j,k): import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.utils import formataddr set = True try: msg = MIMEText('j', 'plain', 'utf-8') #j 邮件内容 msg['From'] = formataddr(["武沛齐",'wptawy@126.com']) msg['To'] = formataddr(["走人",'424662508@qq.com']) msg['Subject'] = "k" #k主题 server = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.126.com", 25) server.login("wptawy@126.com", "WW.3945.59") server.sendmail('wptawy@126.com', [p], msg.as_string()) server.quit() except: set = False return True formmail = input("请你输入收件人邮箱:") zhuti = input("请您输入邮件主题:") neirong = input("请您输入邮件内容:") aa=email(formmail,neirong,zhuti) if aa: print("邮件发送成功!") else: print("邮件发送失败!")############################更多 Python常用知識點相關文章請關注PHP中文網! ############