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python中list列表高階函數

高洛峰
高洛峰原創
2017-03-02 16:23:271758瀏覽

這篇文章主要為大家詳細介紹了python中list列表的高級函數,有興趣的小伙伴們可以參考一下

use a list as a stack: #像堆疊一樣使用列表

stack = [3, 4, 5] 
stack.append(6) 
stack.append(7) 
stack 
[3, 4, 5, 6, 7] 
stack.pop() #删除最后一个对象 
7 
stack 
[3, 4, 5, 6] 
stack.pop() 
6 
stack.pop() 
5 
stack 
[3, 4]

#use a list as a queue: #像佇列一樣使用清單

> from collections import deque #这里需要使用模块deque 
> queue = deque(["Eric", "John", "Michael"])
> queue.append("Terry")      # Terry arrives
> queue.append("Graham")     # Graham arrives
> queue.popleft()         # The first to arrive now leaves
'Eric'
> queue.popleft()         # The second to arrive now leaves
'John'
> queue              # Remaining queue in order of arrival
deque(['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])

three built-in functions:三個重要的內建函數

#filter(), map(), and reduce().
1)、filter(function, sequence)::
依照function函數的規則在列表sequence中篩選資料

> def f(x): return x % 3 == 0 or x % 5 == 0
... #f函数为定义整数对象x,x性质为是3或5的倍数
> filter(f, range(2, 25)) #筛选
[3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24]

2)、map(function, sequence):
map函數實作依照function函數的規則對列表sequence做同樣的處理,
這裡sequence不限於列表,元組同樣也可。

> def cube(x): return x*x*x #这里是立方计算 还可以使用 x**3的方法
...
> map(cube, range(1, 11)) #对列表的每个对象进行立方计算
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]

注意:這裡的參數列表不是固定不變的,主要看自訂函數的參數個數,map函數可以變形為:def func( x,y) map(func,sequence1,sequence2) 範例:

 seq = range(8)  #定义一个列表
> def add(x, y): return x+y #自定义函数,有两个形参
...
> map(add, seq, seq) #使用map函数,后两个参数为函数add对应的操作数,如果列表长度不一致会出现错误
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]

3)、reduce(function, sequence):
reduce函數功能是將sequence中數據,依照function函數操作,如將列表第一個數與第二個數進行function操作,得到的結果和列表中下一個數據進行function操作,一直循環下去…
舉例:

def add(x,y): return x+y
...
reduce(add, range(1, 11))
55

List comprehensions:
這裡將介紹清單的幾個應用:
squares = [ x**2 for x in range(10)]
#產生一個列表,列表是由列表range(10)產生的列表經過平方計算後的結果。
[(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y]
#[(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)] 這裡是產生了一個列表,列表的每一項為元組,每個元組是由x和y組成,x是由列表[1,2,3]提供,y來自[3,1,4],並且滿足法則x! =y。

Nested List Comprehensions:
這裡比較難翻譯,就舉例說明一下:

matrix = [          #此处定义一个矩阵
...   [1, 2, 3, 4],
...   [5, 6, 7, 8],
...   [9, 10, 11, 12],
... ]
[[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)]
#[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]

#這裡兩層嵌套比較麻煩,簡單講解一下:對矩陣matrix,for row in matrix來取出矩陣的每一行,row[i]為取出每行列表中的第i個(下標),生成一個列表,然後i又是來自for i in range(4) 這樣就產生了一個清單的列表。

The del statement:
刪除清單指定數據,範例:

> a = [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]
>del a[0] #删除下标为0的元素
>a
[1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]
>del a[2:4] #从列表中删除下标为2,3的元素
>a
[1, 66.25, 1234.5]
>del a[:] #全部删除 效果同 del a
>a
[]

Sets:集合

> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana']
>>> fruit = set(basket)        # create a set without duplicates
>>> fruit
set(['orange', 'pear', 'apple', 'banana'])
>>> 'orange' in fruit         # fast membership testing
True
>>> 'crabgrass' in fruit
False

>>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words
...
>>> a = set('abracadabra')
>>> b = set('alacazam')
>>> a                 # unique letters in a
set(['a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
>>> a - b               # letters in a but not in b
set(['r', 'd', 'b'])
>>> a | b               # letters in either a or b
set(['a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'])
>>> a & b               # letters in both a and b
set(['a', 'c'])
>>> a ^ b               # letters in a or b but not both
set(['r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'])

Dictionaries:字典

>>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139}
>>> tel['guido'] = 4127 #相当于向字典中添加数据
>>> tel
{'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
>>> tel['jack'] #取数据
4098
>>> del tel['sape'] #删除数据
>>> tel['irv'] = 4127   #修改数据
>>> tel
{'guido': 4127, 'irv': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
>>> tel.keys()    #取字典的所有key值
['guido', 'irv', 'jack']
>>> 'guido' in tel #判断元素的key是否在字典中
True
>>> tel.get('irv') #取数据
4127

#也可以使用規則產生字典:

>>> {x: x**2 for x in (2, 4, 6)}
{2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36}

#enumerate():遍歷元素及下標
enumerate 函數用於遍歷序列中的元素以及它們的下標:

>>> for i, v in enumerate(['tic', 'tac', 'toe']):
...   print i, v
...
0 tic
1 tac
2 toe

#zip():
zip()是Python的一個內建函數,它接受一系列可迭代的物件作為參數,將物件中對應的元素打包成一個個tuple(元組),然後傳回由這些tuples組成的list(列表)。若傳入參數的長度不等,則傳回list的長度和參數中長度最短的物件相同。利用*號運算符,可以將list unzip(解壓縮)。

>>> questions = ['name', 'quest', 'favorite color']
>>> answers = ['lancelot', 'the holy grail', 'blue']
>>> for q, a in zip(questions, answers):
...   print 'What is your {0}? It is {1}.'.format(q, a)
...
What is your name? It is lancelot.
What is your quest? It is the holy grail.
What is your favorite color? It is blue.

有關zip舉一個簡單點兒的例子:

>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> b = [4,5,6]
>>> c = [4,5,6,7,8]
>>> zipped = zip(a,b)
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
>>> zip(a,c)
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
>>> zip(*zipped)
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]

reversed():反轉

>>> for i in reversed(xrange(1,10,2)):
...   print i
...

#sorted(): 排序

> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana']
> for f in sorted(set(basket)):       #这里使用了set函数
...   print f
...
apple
banana
orange
pear

python的set和其他語言類似, 是一個基本功能包括關係測試和消除重複元素.

To change a sequence you are iterating over while inside the loop (for example to duplicate certain items), it is recommended that you first make a copy. Looping over a sequence does not implicitly make a copy. The slice notation makes this especially con#ient:#slice notation makes this especially con#ient:

#slice notation.
>>> words = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
>>> for w in words[:]: # Loop over a slice copy of the entire list.
...   if len(w) > 6:
...     words.insert(0, w)
...
>>> words
['defenestrate', 'cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']

以上就是本文的全部內容,希望對大家的學習有幫助。

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