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詳解Java Spring各種依賴注入註解的差異

高洛峰
高洛峰原創
2017-01-23 10:56:261331瀏覽

註解注入顧名思義就是透過註解來實現注入,Spring和注入相關的常見註解有Autowired、Resource、Qualifier、Service、Controller、Repository、Component。

Autowired是自動注入,自動從spring的上下文找到合適的bean來注入

Resource用來指定名稱注入

Qualifier和Autowired配合使用,指定bean的名稱
Service,Controller,Repository Service層類,Controller層類,資料儲存層的類,spring掃描註解配置時,會標記這些類別要產生bean。

Component是一種泛指,標記類別是元件,spring掃描註解配置時,會標記這些類別要產生bean。

Spring對於Bean的依賴注入,支持多種註解方式:

@Resource
javax.annotation
JSR250 (Common Annotations for Java)
@Inject
javax.inject
JSR330 (Dependency Injection for Java)
@Autowired
org.springframework.bean.factory
Spring

直觀上看起來,@Autowired是Spring提供的註解,其他幾個都是JDK本身內建的註解,Spring對這些註解也進行了支持。但是使用起來這三者到底有什麼差別呢?筆者經過方法的測試,發現一些有趣的特性。

區別總結如下:

一、@Autowired有個required屬性,可以配置為false,這種情況下如果沒有找到對應的bean是不會拋異常的。 @Inject和@Resource沒有提供對應的配置,所以必須找到否則會拋異常。

二、 @Autowired和@Inject基本上是一樣的,因為兩者都是使用AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor來處理 依賴注入。但是@Resource是個例外,它使用的是CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor來處理依賴注入。當然,兩者 都是BeanPostProcessor。

@Autowired和@Inject
- 默认 autowired by type
- 可以 通过@Qualifier 显式指定 autowired by qualifier name。
- 如果 autowired by type 失败(找不到或者找到多个实现),则退化为autowired by field name
@Resource
- 默认 autowired by field name
- 如果 autowired by field name失败,会退化为 autowired by type
- 可以 通过@Qualifier 显式指定 autowired by qualifier name
- 如果 autowired by qualifier name失败,会退化为 autowired by field name。但是这时候如果 autowired by field name失败,就不会再退化为autowired by type了。

TIPS Qualified name VS Bean name

在Spring設計中,Qualified name並不等同於Bean name,後者必須是唯一的,但是前者類似於tag或者group的作用,對特定的bean進行分類。可以達到getByTag(group)的效果。對於XML配置的bean,可以透過id屬性指定bean name(如果沒有指定,預設使用類別名稱首字母小寫),透過標籤指定qualifier name:

<bean id="lamborghini" class="me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Lamborghini">
<qualifier value="luxury"/>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>

如果是透過註解方式,那麼可以透過註解@Qualifier註解指定qualifier name,透過@Named或@Component(@Service,@Repository等)的value值指定bean name:

@Component("lamborghini")
@Qualifier("luxury")
public class Lamborghini implements Car {
}

@Component
@Named("lamborghini")
@Qualifier("luxury")
public class Lamborghini implements Car {
}

同樣,如果沒有指定「預設值類別名首字母小寫(Lamborghini=>lamborghini)。

三、 透過Anotation注入依賴的方式在XML注入方式之前進行。如果對同一個bean的依賴同時使用了兩種注入方式,那麼XML的優先順序。但不同擔心透過Anotation注入的依賴沒法注入XML中配置的bean,依賴注入是在bean的註冊之後進行的。

四、目前的autowired by type方式(筆者用的是3.2.3.RELEASE版本),Spring的AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor 實作都是有」bug」的,也就是說@Autowired和@Inject都是有坑的(稱之為坑,不稱為bug是因為貌似是故意的。這是來自線上 的一個bug,也是這邊文章的寫作原因。現場如下:

application-context.xml中有如下定義:

<xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-2.5.xsd">
<context:annotation-config />
<context:component-scan base-package="me.arganzheng.study" />
<util:constant id="en"
static-field="me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Constants.Language.EN" />
<util:constant id="ja"
static-field="me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Constants.Language.JP" />
<util:constant id="ind"
static-field="me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Constants.Language.IND" />
<util:constant id="pt"
static-field="me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Constants.Language.PT" />
<util:constant id="th"
static-field="me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Constants.Language.TH" />
<util:constant id="ar"
static-field="me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Constants.Language.AR" />
<util:constant id="en-rIn"
static-field="me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Constants.Language.EN_RIN" />
<util:map id="languageChangesMap" key-type="java.lang.String"
value-type="java.lang.String">
<entry key="pt" value="pt" />
<entry key="br" value="pt" />
<entry key="jp" value="ja" />
<entry key="ja" value="ja" />
<entry key="ind" value="ind" />
<entry key="id" value="ind" />
<entry key="en-rin" value="en-rIn" />
<entry key="in" value="en-rIn" />
<entry key="en" value="en" />
<entry key="gb" value="en" />
<entry key="th" value="th" />
<entry key="ar" value="ar" />
<entry key="eg" value="ar" />
</util:map>
</beans>

其中static-field應用的常數定義在如下類中:

package me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired;
public interface Constants {
public interface Language {
public static final String EN = "CommonConstants.LANG_ENGLISH";
public static final String JP = "CommonConstants.LANG_JAPANESE";
public static final String IND = "CommonConstants.LANG_INDONESIAN";
public static final String PT = "CommonConstants.LANG_PORTUGUESE";
public static final String TH = "CommonConstants.LANG_THAI";
public static final String EN_RIN = "CommonConstants.LANG_ENGLISH_INDIA";
public static final String AR = "CommonConstants.LANG_Arabic";
}
}

然後如果我們在如下類中:

public class AutowiredTest extends BaseSpringTestCase {
@Autowired
private Map<String, String> languageChangesMap;
@Test
public void testAutowired() {
notNull(languageChangesMap);
System.out.println(languageChangesMap.getClass().getSimpleName());
System.out.println(languageChangesMap);
}
}

Guess what,詭異的事情發生了!

運行結果如下:

LinkedHashMap
{en=CommonConstants.LANG_ENGLISH, ja=CommonConstants.LANG_JAPANESE, ind=CommonConstants.LANG_INDONESIAN, pt=CommonConstants.LANG_PORTUGUESE, th=CommonConstants.LANG_THAI, ar=CommonConstants.LANG_Arabic, en-rIn=CommonConstants.LANG_ENGLISH_INDIA}

也就是說Map

嚴重: Caught exception while allowing TestExecutionListener

[org.springframework.test.context.support.DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener@5c51ee0a] to prepare test instance [me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.AutowiredTest@6e301e0]
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name &#39;me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.AutowiredTest&#39;: Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private java.util.Map me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.AutowiredTest.languageChangesMap; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [java.lang.String] found for dependency [map with value type java.lang.String]: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
...
ed by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [java.lang.String] found for dependency [map with value type java.lang.String]: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:986)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:843)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:768)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:486)
... 28 more

delid,發現了一下確實是Springdering的一個bug了一下,發現了一個確實是Spdering的一個bug,發現一個確實是Springdering的一個bug,發現了一個確實是Springdering的一個bug。在DefaultListableBeanFactory的這個方法出問題了:

protected Object doResolveDependency(DependencyDescriptor descriptor, Class<?> type, String beanName,
Set<String> autowiredBeanNames, TypeConverter typeConverter) throws BeansException {
...
else if (Map.class.isAssignableFrom(type) && type.isInterface()) {
Class<?> keyType = descriptor.getMapKeyType();
if (keyType == null || !String.class.isAssignableFrom(keyType)) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
throw new FatalBeanException("Key type [" + keyType + "] of map [" + type.getName() +
"] must be assignable to [java.lang.String]");
}
return null;
}
Class<?> valueType = descriptor.getMapValueType();
if (valueType == null) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
throw new FatalBeanException("No value type declared for map [" + type.getName() + "]");
}
return null;
}
Map<String, Object> matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, valueType, descriptor);
if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(valueType, "map with value type " + valueType.getName(), descriptor);
}
return null;
}
if (autowiredBeanNames != null) {
autowiredBeanNames.addAll(matchingBeans.keySet());
}
return matchingBeans;
}
...
}

關鍵在這一句:Map

嚴重: Caught exception while allowing TestExecutionListener

[org.springframework.test.context.support.DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener@9476189] to prepare test instance [me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.AutowiredTest@2d546e21]
...
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [java.lang.String] found for dependency [map with value type java.lang.String]: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true), @org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier(value=languageChangesMap)}
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:986)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:843)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:768)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:486)
... 28 more

不是指定了bean name了嗎?為什麼還是autowired by type呢?仔細查看了一下才發現。 DefaultListableBeanFactory的doResolveDependency方法對首先對類型做 了區別:

protected Object doResolveDependency(DependencyDescriptor descriptor, Class<?> type, String beanName,
Set<String> autowiredBeanNames, TypeConverter typeConverter) throws BeansException {
Object value = getAutowireCandidateResolver().getSuggestedValue(descriptor);
if (value != null) {
if (value instanceof String) {
String strVal = resolveEmbeddedValue((String) value);
BeanDefinition bd = (beanName != null && containsBean(beanName) ? getMergedBeanDefinition(beanName) : null);
value = evaluateBeanDefinitionString(strVal, bd);
}
TypeConverter converter = (typeConverter != null ? typeConverter : getTypeConverter());
return (descriptor.getField() != null ?
converter.convertIfNecessary(value, type, descriptor.getField()) :
converter.convertIfNecessary(value, type, descriptor.getMethodParameter()));
}
if (type.isArray()) {
Class<?> componentType = type.getComponentType();
Map<String, Object> matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, componentType, descriptor);
if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(componentType, "array of " + componentType.getName(), descriptor);
}
return null;
}
if (autowiredBeanNames != null) {
autowiredBeanNames.addAll(matchingBeans.keySet());
}
TypeConverter converter = (typeConverter != null ? typeConverter : getTypeConverter());
return converter.convertIfNecessary(matchingBeans.values(), type);
}
else if (Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(type) && type.isInterface()) {
Class<?> elementType = descriptor.getCollectionType();
if (elementType == null) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
throw new FatalBeanException("No element type declared for collection [" + type.getName() + "]");
}
return null;
}
Map<String, Object> matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, elementType, descriptor);
if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(elementType, "collection of " + elementType.getName(), descriptor);
}
return null;
}
if (autowiredBeanNames != null) {
autowiredBeanNames.addAll(matchingBeans.keySet());
}
TypeConverter converter = (typeConverter != null ? typeConverter : getTypeConverter());
return converter.convertIfNecessary(matchingBeans.values(), type);
}
else if (Map.class.isAssignableFrom(type) && type.isInterface()) {
Class<?> keyType = descriptor.getMapKeyType();
if (keyType == null || !String.class.isAssignableFrom(keyType)) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
throw new FatalBeanException("Key type [" + keyType + "] of map [" + type.getName() +
"] must be assignable to [java.lang.String]");
}
return null;
}
Class<?> valueType = descriptor.getMapValueType();
if (valueType == null) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
throw new FatalBeanException("No value type declared for map [" + type.getName() + "]");
}
return null;
}
Map<String, Object> matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, valueType, descriptor);
if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(valueType, "map with value type " + valueType.getName(), descriptor);
}
return null;
}
if (autowiredBeanNames != null) {
autowiredBeanNames.addAll(matchingBeans.keySet());
}
return matchingBeans;
}
else {
Map<String, Object> matchingBeans = findAutowireCandidates(beanName, type, descriptor);
if (matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
if (descriptor.isRequired()) {
raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(type, "", descriptor);
}
return null;
}
if (matchingBeans.size() > 1) {
String primaryBeanName = determinePrimaryCandidate(matchingBeans, descriptor);
if (primaryBeanName == null) {
throw new NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException(type, matchingBeans.keySet());
}
if (autowiredBeanNames != null) {
autowiredBeanNames.add(primaryBeanName);
}
return matchingBeans.get(primaryBeanName);
}
// We have exactly one match.
Map.Entry<String, Object> entry = matchingBeans.entrySet().iterator().next();
if (autowiredBeanNames != null) {
autowiredBeanNames.add(entry.getKey());
}
return entry.getValue();
}
}

如果是Array,Collection或Map,則根據集合類別中元素的類型來進行autowired by type(Map使用value的類型)。為什麼這麼特殊處理呢?原來,Spring是為了達到這樣的目的:讓你可以一次注入所有符合類型的實現,也就是說可以這樣子注入:


@Autowired 

private List cars;

如果你的car有多個實現,那麼都會注入進來,不會再報

org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException:
No unique bean of type [me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Car] is defined:
expected single matching bean but found 2: [audi, toyota].

然而,上面的情況如果你用@Resource則不會有這個問題: 

public class AutowiredTest extends BaseSpringTestCase {
@Resource
@Qualifier("languageChangesMap")
private Map<String, String> languageChangesMap;
@Test
public void testAutowired() {
assertNotNull(languageChangesMap);
System.out.println(languageChangesMap.getClass().getSimpleName());
System.out.println(languageChangesMap);
}
}

正常運行:

LinkedHashMap
{pt=pt, br=pt, jp=ja, ja=ja, ind=ind, id=ind, en-rin=en-rIn, in=en-rIn, en=en, gb=en, th=th, ar=ar, eg=ar}

不指定@Qualifier(“languageChangesMap”),同時field name不是languageChangesMap,那麼還是一樣報錯的。

Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [java.lang.String] found for dependency [map with value type java.lang.String]: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@javax.annotation.Resource(shareable=true, mappedName=, description=, name=, type=class java.lang.Object, authenticationType=CONTAINER, lookup=)}
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:986)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:843)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:768)
at org.springframework.context.annotation.CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.autowireResource(CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:438)
at org.springframework.context.annotation.CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.getResource(CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:416)
at org.springframework.context.annotation.CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$ResourceElement.getResourceToInject(CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:550)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata$InjectedElement.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:150)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:87)
at org.springframework.context.annotation.CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:303)
... 26 more

而且,@Resource也可以實現上面的List接收所有實作:

public class AutowiredTest extends BaseSpringTestCase {
@Resource
@Qualifier("languageChangesMap")
private Map<String, String> languageChangesMap;
@Resource
private List<Car> cars;
@Test
public void testAutowired() {
assertNotNull(languageChangesMap);
System.out.println(languageChangesMap.getClass().getSimpleName());
System.out.println(languageChangesMap);
assertNotNull(cars);
System.out.println(cars.getClass().getSimpleName());
System.out.println(cars);
}
}

運行的妥妥的:

LinkedHashMap
{pt=pt, br=pt, jp=ja, ja=ja, ind=ind, id=ind, en-rin=en-rIn, in=en-rIn, en=en, gb=en, th=th, ar=ar, eg=ar}
ArrayList
🎜🎜

[me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Audi@579584da, me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Toyota@19453122] 
这是因为@Resource注解使用的是CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor处理器,跟 AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor不是同一个作者[/偷笑]。这里就不分析了,感兴趣的同学可以自己看代码研究 一下。

最终结论如下:

1、@Autowired和@Inject

autowired by type 可以 通过@Qualifier 显式指定 autowired by qualifier name(非集合类。注意:不是autowired by bean name!)

如果 autowired by type 失败(找不到或者找到多个实现),则退化为autowired by field name(非集合类)

2、@Resource

默认 autowired by field name
如果 autowired by field name失败,会退化为 autowired by type
可以 通过@Qualifier 显式指定 autowired by qualifier name
如果 autowired by qualifier name失败,会退化为 autowired by field name。但是这时候如果 autowired by field name失败,就不会再退化为autowired by type了
测试工程保存在GitHub上,是标准的maven工程,感兴趣的同学可以clone到本地运行测试一下。

补充

有同事指出Spring官方文档上有这么一句话跟我的结有点冲突:

However, although you can use this convention to refer to specific beans by name, @Autowired is fundamentally about type-driven injection with optional semantic qualifiers. This means that qualifier values, even with the bean name fallback, always have narrowing semantics within the set of type matches; they do not semantically express a reference to a unique bean id.

也就是说@Autowired即使加了@Qualifier注解,其实也是autowired by type。@Qualifier只是一个限定词,过滤条件而已。重新跟进了一下代码,发现确实是这样子的。Spring设计的这个 @Qualifier name 并不等同于 bean name。他有点类似于一个tag。不过如果这个tag是唯一的化,那么其实效果上等同于bean name。实现上,Spring是先getByType,得到list candicates,然后再根据qualifier name进行过滤。

再定义一个兰博基尼,这里使用@Qualifier指定:

package me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@Qualifier("luxury")
public class Lamborghini implements Car {
}

再定义一个劳斯莱斯,这里故意用@Named指定:

package me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired;
import javax.inject.Named;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@Named("luxury")
public class RollsRoyce implements Car {
}

测试一下注入定义的豪华车:

package me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertNotNull;
import java.util.List;
import me.arganzheng.study.BaseSpringTestCase;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
/**
*
* @author zhengzhibin
*
*/
public class AutowiredTest extends BaseSpringTestCase {
@Autowired
@Qualifier("luxury")
private List<Car> luxuryCars;
@Test
public void testAutowired() {
assertNotNull(luxuryCars);
System.out.println(luxuryCars.getClass().getSimpleName());
System.out.println(luxuryCars);
}
}

运行结果如下:

ArrayList
[me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.Lamborghini@66b875e1, me.arganzheng.study.spring.autowired.RollsRoyce@58433b76]

补充:Autowiring modes

Spring支持四种autowire模式,当使用XML配置方式时,你可以通过autowire属性指定。

no. (Default) No autowiring. Bean references must be defined via a ref element. Changing the default setting is not recommended for larger deployments, because specifying collaborators explicitly gives greater control and clarity. To some extent, it documents the structure of a system.
byName. Autowiring by property name. Spring looks for a bean with the same name as the property that needs to be autowired. For example, if a bean definition is set to autowire by name, and it contains a master property (that is, it has a setMaster(..) method), Spring looks for a bean definition named master, and uses it to set the property.
byType. Allows a property to be autowired if exactly one bean of the property type exists in the container. If more than one exists, a fatal exception is thrown, which indicates that you may not use byType autowiring for that bean. If there are no matching beans, nothing happens; the property is not set.
constructor. Analogous to byType, but applies to constructor arguments. If there is not exactly one bean of the constructor argument type in the container, a fatal error is raised.

如果使用@Autowired、@Inject或者@Resource注解的时候,则稍微复杂一些,会有一个失败退化过程,并且引入了Qualifier。不过基本原理是一样。

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