nginx的資料結構3－擴展紅黑樹

    發揚我一貫的支線任務狂魔的作風，一晚上就完成了之前設想的紅黑樹擴展版本。

    rbtree.h：

/*
 * Copyright (C) Bipedal Bit
 * Verson 1.0.0.2
 */

#ifndef _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_
#define _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_

/* the node structure of the red-black tree */
typedef struct rbtree_node_s rbtree_node_t;
/* Using type int means its range is -0x7fffffff-1~0x7fffffff. */
typedef int rbtree_key_t;
/* Abstract type is complicated to achieve with C so I use char* instead. */
typedef char* rbtree_data_t;

struct rbtree_node_s
{
	/* key of the node */
	rbtree_key_t	key;
	/* pointer of the parent of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	parent;
	/* pointer of the left kid of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	left;
	/* pointer of the right kid of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	right;
	/* color of the node */
	unsigned char	color;
	/* pointer of the value of the node corresponding to the key */
	rbtree_data_t	value;
	/* count of nodes in the subtree whose root is the current node */
	int node_cnt;
};

/* the tree object stucture of the red-black tree */
typedef struct rbtree_s rbtree_t;
/* foundational insert function pointer */
typedef void (*rbtree_insert_p) (rbtree_t* root, rbtree_node_t* node);
/* foundational visit function pointer */
typedef void (*rbtree_visit_p) (rbtree_node_t* node);

struct rbtree_s
{
	/* the pointer of the root node of the tree */
	rbtree_node_t* root;
	/* black leaf nodes as sentinel */
	rbtree_node_t* sentinel;
	/* the polymorphic insert function pointer */
	rbtree_insert_p insert;
};

/* macros */
#define rbtree_init(tree, s, i)		\
rbtree_sentinel_init(s);			\
(tree)->root = s;				\
(tree)->sentinel = s;			\
(tree)->insert = i

#define rbtree_red(node)	((node)->color = 1)
#define rbtree_black(node)	((node)->color = 0)
#define rbtree_is_red(node)	((node)->color)
#define rbtree_is_black(node)	(!rbtree_is_red(node))
 /* copy n2's color to n1 */
#define rbtree_copy_color(n1, n2)	(n1->color = n2->color)
/* sentinel must be black cuz it's leaf node */
#define rbtree_sentinel_init(node)	\
rbtree_black(node);			\
(node)->node_cnt = 0

/* statements of public methods */
void rbtree_insert_value(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_delete(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
/* get node by key */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_find(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_key_t key);
/* get node by order number */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_index(rbtree_t* tree, int index);
int rbtree_height(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
int rbtree_count(rbtree_t* tree);
void rbtree_visit(rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_traversal(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_visit_p);

#endif	/* _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_ */

    可以看到，我增加了依序號找出結點、求樹高、求結點數、可重寫存取節點方法的遍歷，這麼多功能。

    為了提高依序號找出結點的效率，我增加了一個結點項node_cnt，代表目前結點為根的子樹上的結點總數。這樣以序號找出結點的過程將會是二分查找，時間效率與依key查找相同，都是O(log2n)。

    遍歷方法使用遞歸的中序遍歷，預設的結點存取方法是個空方法，使用者可以自行重寫。

    rbtree.c：

/*
 * Copyright (C) Bipedal Bit
 * Verson 1.0.0.2
 */

#include <stddef.h>
#include "rbtree.h"

/* inline methods */
/* get the node with the minimum key in a subtree of the red-black tree */
static inline rbtree_node_t*
rbtree_subtree_min(rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_node_t* sentinel)
{
    while(node->left != sentinel)
    {
        node = node->left;
    }

    return node;
}

/* replace the node "node" in the tree with node "tmp" */
static inline void rbtree_replace(rbtree_t* tree,
    rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_node_t* tmp)
{
    /* upward: p[node] parent = node->parent;

    if (node == tree->root)
    {
        tree->root = tmp;
    }
    else if (node == node->parent->left)
    {
        /* downward: left[p[node]] parent->left = tmp;
    }
    else
    {
        /* downward: right[p[node]] parent->right = tmp;
    }

    node->parent = tmp;
}

/* change the topologic structure of the tree keeping the order of the nodes */
static inline void rbtree_left_rotate(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    /* node as the var x in CLRS while tmp as the var y */
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = node->right;

    /* fix node_cnt */
    node->node_cnt = node->left->node_cnt + tmp->left->node_cnt + 1;
    tmp->node_cnt = node->node_cnt + tmp->right->node_cnt + 1;

    /* replace y with left[y] */
    /* downward: right[x] right = tmp->left;
    /* if left[[y] is not NIL it has a parent */
    if (tmp->left != tree->sentinel)
    {
        /* upward: p[left[y]] left->parent = node;
    }

    /* replace x with y */
    rbtree_replace(tree, node, tmp);
    tmp->left = node;
}

static inline void rbtree_right_rotate(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = node->left;

    /* fix node_cnt */
    node->node_cnt = node->right->node_cnt + tmp->right->node_cnt + 1;
    tmp->node_cnt = node->node_cnt + tmp->left->node_cnt + 1;

    /* replace y with right[y] */
    node->left = tmp->right;
    if (tmp->right != tree->sentinel)
    {
        tmp->right->parent = node;
    }

    /* replace x with y */
    rbtree_replace(tree, node, tmp);
    tmp->right = node;
}

/* static methods */
/* fix the red-black tree after the new node inserted */
static void rbtree_insert_fixup(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    while(rbtree_is_red(node->parent))
    {
        if (node->parent == node->parent->parent->left)
        {
            /* case 1: node's uncle is red */
            if (rbtree_is_red(node->parent->parent->right))
            {
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent->parent->right);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                node = node->parent->parent;
                /* Then we can consider the whole subtree */
                /* which is represented by the new "node" as the "node" before */
                /* and keep looping till "node" become the root. */
            }
            /* case 2: node's uncle is black */
            else
            {
                /* ensure node is the left kid of its parent */
                if (node == node->parent->right)
                {
                    node = node->parent;
                    rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node);
                }
                /* case 2 -> case 1 */
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                rbtree_right_rotate(tree, node->parent->parent);
            }
        }
        /* same as the "if" clause before with "left" and "right" exchanged */
        else
        {
            if (rbtree_is_red(node->parent->parent->left))
            {
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent->parent->left);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                node = node->parent->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (node == node->parent->left)
                {
                    node = node->parent;
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, node);
                }
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent->parent);
            }
        }
    }
    /* ensure the root node being black */
    rbtree_black(tree->root);
}

static void rbtree_delete_fixup(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* brother = NULL;

    while(node != tree->root && rbtree_is_black(node))
    {
        if (node == node->parent->left)
        {
            brother = node->parent->right;
            if (rbtree_is_red(brother))
            {
                rbtree_black(brother);
                rbtree_red(node->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                /* update brother after topologic change of the tree */
                brother = node->parent->right;
            }

            if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left) && rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
            {
                rbtree_red(brother);
                /* go upward and keep on fixing color */
                node = node->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
                {
                    rbtree_black(brother->left);
                    rbtree_red(brother);
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, brother);
                    /* update brother after topologic change of the tree */
                    brother = node->parent->right;
                }
                rbtree_copy_color(brother, node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(brother->right);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                /* end the loop and ensure root is black */
                node = tree->root;
            }
        }
        /* same as the "if" clause before with "left" and "right" exchanged */
        else
        {
            brother = node->parent->left;
            if (rbtree_is_red(brother))
            {
                rbtree_black(brother);
                rbtree_red(node->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                brother = node->parent->left;
            }

            if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left) && rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
            {
                rbtree_red(brother);
                node = node->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left))
                {
                    rbtree_black(brother->right);
                    rbtree_red(brother);
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, brother);
                    brother = node->parent->left;
                }
                rbtree_copy_color(brother, node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(brother->left);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                node = tree->root;
            }
        }
    }

    rbtree_black(node);
}

/* public methods */
void rbtree_insert_value(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    /* Using ** to know wether the new node will be a left kid */
    /* or a right kid of its parent node. */
    rbtree_node_t** tmp = &tree->root;
    rbtree_node_t* parent;

    while(*tmp != tree->sentinel)
    {
        parent = *tmp;

        /* update node_cnt */
        (parent->node_cnt)++;

        tmp = (node->key key) ? &parent->left : &parent->right;
    }

    /* The pointer knows wether the node should be on the left side */
    /* or on the right one. */
    *tmp = node;
    node->parent = parent;
    node->left = tree->sentinel;
    node->right = tree->sentinel;
    rbtree_red(node);
}

void rbtree_visit(rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    /* visiting the current node */
}

void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* sentinel = tree->sentinel;

    /* if the tree is empty */
    if (tree->root == sentinel)
    {
        tree->root = node;
        node->parent = sentinel;
        node->left = sentinel;
        node->right = sentinel;
        rbtree_black(node);

        return;
    }

    /* generally */
    tree->insert(tree, node);
    rbtree_insert_fixup(tree, node);
}

void rbtree_delete(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* sentinel = tree->sentinel;
    /* wether "node" is on the left side or the right one */
    rbtree_node_t** ptr_to_node = NULL;
    /* "cover" is the node which is going to cover "node" */
    rbtree_node_t* cover = NULL;
    /* wether we lossing a red node on the edge of the tree */
    int loss_red = rbtree_is_red(node);
    int is_root = (node == tree->root);

    /* get "cover" & "loss_red"  */
    /* sentinel in "node"'s kids */
    if (node->left == sentinel)
    {
        cover = node->right;
    }
    else if (node->right == sentinel)
    {
        cover = node->left;
    }
    /* "node"'s kids are both non-sentinel */
    else
    {
        /* update "node" & "loss_red" & "is_root" & "cover" */
        cover = rbtree_subtree_min(node->right, sentinel);
        node->key = cover->key;
        node->value = cover->value;
        node = cover;
        loss_red = rbtree_is_red(node);
        is_root = 0;
        /* move "cover"'s kids */
        /* "cover" can only be a left kid */
        /* and can only have a right non-sentinel kid */
        /* because of function "rbtree_subtree_min" */
        cover = node->right;
    }

    if (is_root)
    {
        /* update root */
        tree->root = cover;
    }
    else
    {
        /* downward link */
        if (node == node->parent->left)
        {
            node->parent->left = cover;
        }
        else
        {
            node->parent->right = cover;
        }
    }
    /* upward link */
    cover->parent = node->parent;
    /* "cover" may be a sentinel */
    if (cover != sentinel)
    {
        /* set "cover" */
        cover->left = node->left;
        cover->right = node->right;
        rbtree_copy_color(cover, node);
    }

    /* clear "node" since it's useless */
    node->key = -1;
    node->parent = NULL;
    node->left = NULL;
    node->right = NULL;
    node->value = NULL;

    /* update node_cnt */
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = cover->parent;
    while(tmp != sentinel)
    {
        (tmp->node_cnt)--;
        tmp = tmp->parent;
    }

    if (loss_red)
    {
        return;
    }

    /* When lossing a black node on edge */
    /* the fifth rule of red-black tree will be broke. */
    /* So the tree need to be fixed. */
    rbtree_delete_fixup(tree, cover);
}

/* find the node in the tree corresponding to the given key value */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_find(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_key_t key)
{
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = tree->root;
    /* next line is just fot test */
    // int step_cnt = 0;

    /* search the binary tree */
    while(tmp != tree->sentinel)
    {
        /* next line is just fot test */
        // step_cnt++;
        if(key == tmp->key)
        {
            /* next line is just for test */
            // printf("step count: %d, color: %s, ", step_cnt, rbtree_is_red(tmp) ? "red" : "black");
            return tmp;
        }

        tmp = (key key) ? tmp->left : tmp->right;
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* find the node in the tree corresponding to the given order number */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_index(rbtree_t* tree, int index)
{
    if (index = rbtree_count(tree))
    {
        return NULL;
    }

    rbtree_node_t* tmp = tree->root;
    int left_cnt = 0;
    int sub_left_cnt;

    while(tmp->node_cnt > 0)
    {
        sub_left_cnt = tmp->left->node_cnt;
        if (left_cnt + sub_left_cnt == index)
        {
            return tmp;
        }

        if (left_cnt + sub_left_cnt right;
        }
        else
        {
            tmp = tmp->left;
        }
    }
}

/* get the height of the subtree */
int rbtree_height(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    if (node == tree->sentinel)
    {
        return 0;
    }

    int left_height = rbtree_height(tree, node->left);
    int right_height = rbtree_height(tree, node->right);
    int sub_height = (left_height > right_height) ? left_height : right_height;
    return sub_height+1;
}

/* get the count of nodes in the tree */
int rbtree_count(rbtree_t* tree)
{
    return tree->root->node_cnt;
}

/* visit every node of the subtree whose root is given in order */
void rbtree_traversal(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_visit_p visit)
{
    if (node != tree->sentinel)
    {
        rbtree_traversal(tree, node->left, visit);
        visit(node);
        rbtree_traversal(tree, node->right, visit);
    }
}

</stddef.h>

    還是做壓力檢定。

    test.c：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "rbtree.h"

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
	double duration;
	double room;

	rbtree_t t = {};
	rbtree_node_t s = {};
	rbtree_init(&t, &s, rbtree_insert_value);

	const int cnt = 1key = %d\n", no, rbtree_index(&t, no)->key);

	long time2 = clock();
	room = 48.0*cnt/(1    上一個版本的壓力測試結果：
<pre name="code">Inserting 1048576 nodes costs 48.00MB and spends 0.425416 seconds.
Searching 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001140 seconds.
Hash 1024 times spends 0.000334 seconds.
Deleting 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.000783 seconds.

    擴充版本的壓力測試結果：

Inserting 1048576 nodes costs 48.00MB and spends 0.467859 seconds.
Searching 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001188 seconds.
Indexing 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001484 seconds.
Hash 1024 times spends 0.000355 seconds.
Deleting 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001417 seconds.
The height of the tree is 28. Getting it spends 0.021669 seconds.
Traversal the tree spends 0.023913 seconds.
Count of nodes in the tree is 1047552.

    比較一下可以發現：

    1.插入結點略慢了一點，因為插入時多維護了一個node_cnt項。

    2.依key找出結點速度沒有變化。

    3.哈希查找速度沒有變化。

    4.刪除結點花的時間幾乎是原來的兩倍，因為每次刪除後都要一路向上更新node_cnt，幾乎相當於包含了一次按key查詢。

    5.依序號查詢比按key查詢略慢，因為每次進入右子樹需要多做一次加法。

    6.遍歷花的時間與求樹高相同，因為它們的實質都是遍歷樹，時間效率O(n)數量級，具體點為2n次結點訪問，分別為結點入棧和出棧時。

    別問我max、min、mid在哪，能按序號查詢了這些還是問題嗎？

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以上就介紹了nginx的資料結構3－擴充紅黑樹，包含了方面的內容，希望對PHP教學有興趣的朋友有幫助。