如何理解Python中複雜的解包表達式？

理解複雜的拆包表達式

考慮以下表達式：

a, b = 1, 2                          # 简单序列赋值
a, b = ['green', 'blue']             # 列表赋值
a, b = 'XY'                          # 字符串赋值
a, b = range(1,5,2)                  # 任何可迭代对象都可以

                                     # 嵌套序列赋值

(a,b), c = "XY", "Z"                 # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = 'Z' 

(a,b), c = "XYZ"                     # 错误 -- 太多值需要拆包
(a,b), c = "XY"                      # 错误 -- 需要拆包的数值太少

(a,b), c, = [1,2],'this'             # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this'
(a,b), (c,) = [1,2],'this'           # 错误 -- 太多值需要拆包


                                     # 扩展序列拆包

a, *b = 1,2,3,4,5                    # a = 1, b = [2,3,4,5]
*a, b = 1,2,3,4,5                    # a = [1,2,3,4], b = 5
a, *b, c = 1,2,3,4,5                 # a = 1, b = [2,3,4], c = 5

a, *b = 'X'                          # a = 'X', b = []
*a, b = 'X'                          # a = [], b = 'X'
a, *b, c = "XY"                      # a = 'X', b = [], c = 'Y'
a, *b, c = "X...Y"                   # a = 'X', b = ['.','.','.'], c = 'Y'

a, b, *c = 1,2,3                     # a = 1, b = 2, c = [3]
a, b, c, *d = 1,2,3                  # a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = []

a, *b, c, *d = 1,2,3,4,5             # 错误 -- 赋值中出现了两个星号表达式

(a,b), c = [1,2],'this'              # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this'
(a,b), *c = [1,2],'this'             # a = '1', b = '2', c = ['this']

(a,b), c, *d = [1,2],'this'          # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this', d = []
(a,b), *c, d = [1,2],'this'          # a = '1', b = '2', c = [], d = 'this'

(a,b), (c, *d) = [1,2],'this'        # a = '1', b = '2', c = 't', d = ['h', 'i', 's']

*a = 1                               # 错误 -- 目标必须在一个列表或元组中
*a = (1,2)                           # 错误 -- 目标必须在一个列表或元组中
*a, = (1,2)                          # a = [1,2]
*a, = 1                              # 错误 -- 'int' 对象不可迭代
*a, = [1]                            # a = [1]
*a = [1]                             # 错误 -- 目标必须在一个列表或元组中
*a, = (1,)                           # a = [1]
*a, = (1)                            # 错误 -- 'int' 对象不可迭代

*a, b = [1]                          # a = [], b = 1
*a, b = (1,)                         # a = [], b = 1

(a,b),c = 1,2,3                      # 错误 -- 太多值需要拆包
(a,b), *c = 1,2,3                    # 错误 - 'int' 对象不可迭代
(a,b), *c = 'XY', 2, 3               # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = [2,3]


                                     # 扩展序列拆包 -- 嵌套

(a,b),c = 1,2,3                      # 错误 -- 太多值需要拆包
*(a,b), c = 1,2,3                    # a = 1, b = 2, c = 3

*(a,b) = 1,2                         # 错误 -- 目标必须在一个列表或元组中
*(a,b), = 1,2                        # a = 1, b = 2

*(a,b) = 'XY'                        # 错误 -- 目标必须在一个列表或元组中
*(a,b), = 'XY'                       # a = 'X', b = 'Y'

*(a, b) = 'this'                     # 错误 -- 目标必须在一个列表或元组中
*(a, b), = 'this'                    # 错误 -- 拆包的值太多了
*(a, *b), = 'this'                   # a = 't', b = ['h', 'i', 's']

*(a, *b), c = 'this'                 # a = 't', b = ['h', 'i'], c = 's'

*(a,*b), = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7           # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

*(a,*b), *c = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7        # 错误 -- 赋值中出现了两个星号表达式
*(a,*b), (*c,) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7     # 错误 -- 'int' 对象不可迭代
*(a,*b), c = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7         # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6], c = 7
*(a,*b), (*c,) = 1,2,3,4,5,'XY'      # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 4, 5], c = ['X', 'Y']

*(a,*b), c, d = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7      # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5], c = 6, d = 7
*(a,*b), (c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7    # 错误 -- 'int' 对象不可迭代
*(a,*b), (*c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7   # 错误 -- 'int' 对象不可迭代
*(a,*b), *(c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7   # 错误 -- 赋值中出现了两个星号表达式


*(a,b), c = 'XY', 3                  # 错误 -- 需要拆包的数值太少
*(*a,b), c = 'XY', 3                 # a = [], b = 'XY', c = 3
(a,b), c = 'XY', 3                   # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = 3

*(a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4               # a = 'XY', b = 3, c = 4
*(*a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4              # a = ['XY'], b = 3, c = 4
(a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4                # 错误 -- 拆包的值太多了

手動推導出這些表達式的結果

掌握一些基本規則後，對其進行概括並不難。我將盡我最大的努力透過一些示例進行解釋。由於你提到了「手動」計算這些表達式，我會建議一些簡單的替換規則。基本上，你會發現理解所有可迭代物件以相同方式格式化的表達式會更容易一些。

僅為拆包目的，以下替換在右值（即可迭代物件）中有效：

'XY' -> ('X', 'Y')
['X', 'Y'] -> ('X', 'Y')

如果你發現某個值未被拆包，那麼你需要撤銷該替換。 （進一步的解釋，請參見下文。）

此外，當你看到「裸露的」逗號時，想像最頂層有一個元組。在左右兩側（即可迭代物件和右可迭代物件）執行此操作：

'X', 'Y' -> ('X', 'Y')
a, b -> (a, b)

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