數字
let age = 25;
字串
let name = "John";
布林值
let isStudent = true;
未定義:
let address;
空
let salary = null;
符號
let sym = Symbol("id");
BigInt
let bigIntNumber = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;
非數字 (NaN)
NaN 代表“Not-a-Number”,表示不是合法數字的值
console.log(0 / 0); // NaN console.log(parseInt("abc")); // NaN
console.log(typeof a);
1) 類別只能有一個建構子
class gfg { constructor(name, estd, rank) { this.n = name; this.e = estd; this.r = rank; } decreaserank() { this.r -= 1; } } const test = new gfg("tom", 2009, 43); test.decreaserank(); console.log(test.r); console.log(test);
class car { constructor(brand) { this.carname = brand; } present() { return 'I have a ' + this.carname; } } class Model extends car { constructor(brand, model) { super(brand); super.present(); this.model = model; } show() { return this.present() + ', it is a ' + this.model; } }
class car { constructor(brand) { this.carname = brand; } // Getter method get cnam() { return "It is " + this.carname; // Return a value } // Setter method set cnam(x) { this.carname = x; } } const mycar = new car("Ford"); console.log(mycar.cnam);
IIFE 是一個一旦定義就運行的函數
(function() { console.log("IIFE executed!"); })();
高階函數是將其他函數作為參數或傳回函數作為結果的函數
function higherOrderFunction(callback) { return callback(); } function sayHello() { return "Hello!"; } console.log(higherOrderFunction(sayHello)); // "Hello!"
當局部變數與外部作用域中的變數同名時,就會發生變數遮蔽。
局部變數會覆寫或隱藏其自身作用域內的外部變數。
外部變數保持不變,可以在本地範圍之外存取。
var name = "John"; function sayName() { console.log(name); var name = "Jane"; } sayName();
在 JavaScript 中存取 HTML 元素有多種方法:
依 ID 選取元素:
document.getElementById("elementId");
依類別名稱選取元素:
document.getElementsByClassName("className");
依標記名選擇元素:
document.getElementsByTagName("tagName");
CSS 選擇器:
document.querySelector(".className"); document.querySelectorAll(".className");
function changeValue(x) { x = 10; console.log("Inside function:", x) } let num = 5; changeValue(num);
function changeProperty(obj) { obj.name = "Alice"; console.log("Inside function:", obj.name); // Output: Inside function: Alice } let person = { name: "Bob" }; changeProperty(person); console.log("Outside function:", person.name); // Output: Outside function: Alice
它將 JavaScript 引擎切換到嚴格模式,捕捉常見的編碼錯誤並引發更多異常。
"use strict"; x = 10; // Throws an error because x is not declared
它允許在需要零個或多個參數或元素的地方擴展可迭代對象,例如數組或字串
function sum(a, b, c) { return a + b + c; } const numbers = [1, 2, 3]; console.log(sum(...numbers)); // Output: 6
運算子檢查物件是否為特定類別或建構子的實例。
class Animal { constructor(name) { this.name = name; } } class Dog extends Animal { constructor(name, breed) { super(name); this.breed = breed; } } const myDog = new Dog('Buddy', 'Golden Retriever'); console.log(myDog instanceof Dog); // true console.log(myDog instanceof Animal); // true console.log(myDog instanceof Object); // true console.log(myDog instanceof Array); // false
此方法建立一個新數組,其中包含透過所提供函數實現的測試的所有元素。
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; const evenNumbers = numbers.filter(num => num % 2 === 0); console.log(evenNumbers); // [2, 4, 6]
此方法對陣列的每個元素執行歸約函數,從而產生單一輸出值。
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; const sum = numbers.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0); // sum = 0 initially console.log(sum); // 15
此參數語法允許函數接受不定數量的參數作為陣列。
function sum(...numbers) { return numbers.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0); } console.log(sum(1, 2, 3)); // 6 console.log(sum(5, 10, 15, 20)); // 50
隱式全域變數
隱式全域變數是在分配值時在全域範圍內自動建立的變量,而無需使用 var、let 或 const 等關鍵字明確聲明。但如果處於嚴格模式
,則會拋出錯誤
function myFunction() { x = 10; // no error }
常數
它聲明了一個不能重新賦值的常數。
const PI = 3.14;
讓
它聲明了一個區塊作用域變數。
無法使用相同名稱重新初始化
let c=1; let c=3;// throws error let count = 0; if (true) { let count = 1; console.log(count); // Output: 1 } console.log(count); // Output: 0
var
它聲明一個函數範圍或全域範圍的變數。它鼓勵提升和重新分配。
var name = 'John'; if (true) { var name = 'Doe'; console.log(name); // Output: Doe } console.log(name); // Output: Doe console.log(a) var a=2 // prints undefined
合成事件:React 提供了一個圍繞本機瀏覽器事件的 SyntheticEvent 包裝器。此包裝器規範了不同瀏覽器之間的事件屬性和行為,確保無論瀏覽器如何,您的事件處理程式碼都以相同的方式運作。
import React from 'react'; class MyComponent extends React.Component { handleClick = (event) => { // `event` is a SyntheticEvent console.log(event.type); // Always 'click' regardless of browser console.log(event.target); // Consistent target property } render() { return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Click Me</button>; } }
提升是一種 JavaScript 機制,其中變數和函數宣告在編譯階段被移動到其包含範圍的頂部,從而允許它們在程式碼中宣告之前使用。但是,僅提升聲明,而不提升初始化。
console.log(x); // Output: undefined var x = 5; console.log(x); // Output: 5 // Function hoisting hoistedFunction(); // Output: "Hoisted!" function hoistedFunction() { console.log("Hoisted!"); } // Function expressions are not hoisted notHoisted(); // Error: notHoisted is not a function var notHoisted = function() { console.log("Not hoisted"); };
它是將值從一種資料型別自動轉換為另一種資料型別。強制轉換有兩種類型:隱式強制轉換和明確強制轉換。
例如
let result = 5 + "10"; // "510" let result = "5" * 2; // 10 let result = "5" - 2; // 3 let result = "5" / 2; // 2.5
當我們使用內建函數手動將值從一種類型轉換為另一種類型時,就會發生這種情況。
let num = 5; let str = String(num); // "5" let str2 = num.toString(); // "5" let str3 = `${num}`; // "5"
Non-zero numbers (positive and negative)
Non-empty strings
Objects (including arrays and functions)
Symbol
BigInt values (other than 0n)
0 (zero)
-0 (negative zero)
0n (BigInt zero)
"" (empty string)
null
undefined
NaN (Not-a-Number)
To pass data from a parent component to a child component. It is immutable (read-only) within the child component.
// Parent Component function Parent() { const data = "Hello from Parent!"; return <Child message={data} />; } // Child Component function Child(props) { return <div>{props.message}</div>; }
To manage data that can change over time within a component. It is mutable within the component.
// Function Component using useState import { useState } from 'react'; function Counter() { const [count, setCount] = useState(0); return ( <div> <p>Count: {count}</p> <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Increment</button> </div> ); }
A closure in JavaScript is a feature where an inner function has access to the outer (enclosing) function's variables and scope chain even after the outer function has finished executing.
function outerFunction(outerVariable) { return function innerFunction(innerVariable) { console.log('Outer Variable:', outerVariable); console.log('Inner Variable:', innerVariable); }; } const newFunction = outerFunction('outside'); newFunction('inside');
Currying is a technique of transforming a function that takes multiple arguments into a sequence of functions that each take a single argument.
function add(a) { return function(b) { return a + b; }; } const add5 = add(5); console.log(add5(3)); // Output: 8 console.log(add(2)(3)); // Output: 5
Generators are special functions that can be paused and resumed, allowing you to generate a sequence of values over time.
function* generateSequence() { yield 1; yield 2; yield 3; } const generator = generateSequence(); console.log(generator.next()); // { value: 1, done: false } console.log(generator.next()); // { value: 2, done: false } console.log(generator.next()); // { value: 3, done: false } console.log(generator.next()); // { value: undefined, done: true }
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