掌握空心圖案：帶有程式碼範例的綜合指南

歡迎來到我們關於在 C 程式設計中使用循環創建各種空心圖案的綜合指南！在本教學中，我們將逐步介紹如何繪製 18 種不同的空心圖案。這些圖案的範圍從方形和三角形等基本形狀到菱形、六邊形和五邊形等更複雜的形狀。每個模式都是使用巢狀循環創建的，這對於初學者來說是練習 C 語言控制結構的絕佳練習。讓我們開始吧！

您可以在我們的 GitHub 儲存庫中找到所有程式碼。

目錄

1. 巢狀循環簡介
2. 空心方形
3. 空心直角三角形
4. 空心倒直角三角形
5. 空心右對齊三角形
6. 空心右對齊倒三角形
7. 空心直角帕斯卡三角形
8. 空心左帕斯卡三角形
9. 空心等邊三角形
10. 空心倒等邊三角形
11. 空心金字塔
12. 空心倒金字塔
13. 空心鑽石
14. 空心沙漏
15. 空心菱形
16. 空心平行四邊形
17. 空心六邊形
18. 空心五邊形
19. 空心倒五邊形
20. 結論

嵌套循環簡介

在我們開始使用模式之前，有必要先了解巢狀循環的概念。嵌套循環是另一個循環內的一個循環。此結構對於處理多維數組和生成模式特別有用。在 C 語言中，典型的巢狀循環結構如下所示：

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        // Code to execute
    }
}

空心方形

說明：

• 空心方形圖案由 n 行和 n 列組成。
• 僅在邊框處列印字元（第一行、最後一行、第一列和最後一列）。

int n = 5; // size of the square
char ch = '*';

printf("1. Hollow Square:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        if (i == 0 || i == n - 1 || j == 0 || j == n - 1) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

輸出：

*  *  *  *  *  
*           *  
*           *  
*           *  
*  *  *  *  *  

空心直角三角形

說明：

• 空心直角三角形圖案從第一行中的一個字元開始，並在後續的每一行中增加一個字元。
• 字元僅印在邊框處（第一行、最後一行和對角線）。

printf("2. Hollow Right Triangle:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) {
        if (i == n - 1 || j == 0 || j == i) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

輸出：

*  
*  *  
*     *  
*        *  
*  *  *  *  *  

空心倒直角三角形

說明：

• 空心倒直角三角形圖案從第一行中的 n 個字元開始，並在後續的每一行中減少一個字元。
• 字元僅印在邊框處（第一行、最後一行和對角線）。

printf("3. Hollow Inverted Right Triangle:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = n; j > i; j--) {
        if (i == 0 || j == n || j == i + 1) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

輸出：

*  *  *  *  *  
*        *  
*     *  
*  *  
*  

空心右對齊三角形

說明：

• 空心右對齊三角形圖案與空心直角三角形類似，但三角形是右對齊的。
• 字元僅印在邊框處（第一行、最後一行和對角線）。

printf("4. Hollow Right Aligned Triangle:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
        printf("   ");
    }
    for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) {
        if (i == n - 1 || j == 0 || j == i) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

輸出：

            *  
         *  *  
      *     *  
   *        *  
*  *  *  *  *  

空心右對齊倒三角形

說明：

• 空心右對齊倒三角形圖案與空心右對齊三角形相反。
• 第一行以 n 個字符開始，後續每行減少一個字符，但三角形是右對齊的。

printf("5. Hollow Right Aligned Inverted Triangle:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 1; j < i + 1; j++) {
        printf("   ");
    }
    for (int j = n; j > i; j--) {
        if (i == 0 || j == n || j == i + 1) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

輸出：

*  *  *  *  *  
   *        *  
      *     *  
         *  *  
            *  

空心直角帕斯卡三角形

說明：

• 空心直角帕斯卡三角形圖案將直角三角形和倒直角三角形組合起來形成類帕斯卡三角形。
• 字元僅印在邊框（第一行、最後一行和對角線）。

printf("6. Hollow Right Pascal Triangle:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) {
        if (j == 0 || j == i) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = n; j > i + 1; j--) {
        if (j == n || j == i + 2) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

輸出：

*  
*  *  
*     *  
*        *  
*           *  
*        *  
*     *  
*  *  
*  

空心左帕斯卡三角形

說明：

• 空心左帕斯卡三角形圖案與空心右帕斯卡三角形類似，但它是左對齊的。
• 字元僅印在邊框（第一行、最後一行和對角線）。

printf("7. Hollow Left Pascal Triangle:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
        printf("   ");
    }
    for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) {
        if (j == 0 || j == i) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) {
        printf("   ");
    }
    for (int j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
        if (j == n

 - 1 || j == i + 1) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

輸出：

            *  
         *  *  
      *     *  
   *        *  
*           *  
   *        *  
      *     *  
         *  *  
            *  

空心等邊三角形

說明：

• 空心等邊三角形圖案對稱且居中。
• 字元僅印在邊框（第一行、最後一行和對角線）。

printf("8. Hollow Equilateral Triangle:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
        printf("   ");
    }
    for (int j = 0; j < 2 * i + 1; j++) {
        if (j == 0 || j == 2 * i || i == n - 1) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

輸出：

            *  
         *     *  
      *           *  
   *                 *  
*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  * 

空心倒等邊三角形

說明：

• The hollow inverted equilateral triangle pattern is the opposite of the hollow equilateral triangle.
• Characters are printed only at the borders (first row, last row, and the diagonals).

printf("9. Hollow Inverted Equilateral Triangle:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
        printf("   ");
    }
    for (int j = 2 * n - 1; j > 2 * i; j--) {
        if (j == 2 * n - 1 || j == 2 * i + 1 || i == 0) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

Output:

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  
   *                 *  
      *           *  
         *     *  
            *  

Hollow Pyramid

Explanation:

• The hollow pyramid pattern is centered and symmetrical.
• Characters are printed only at the borders (first row, last row, and the diagonals).

printf("10. Hollow Pyramid:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
       printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < (2 * i + 1); j++) {
        if (i == n - 1 || j == 0 || j == i * 2 ) {
            printf("%c", ch);
        } else {
            printf(" ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n"); 
}

Output:

    *
   * *
  *   *
 *     *
********* 

Hollow Inverted Pyramid

Explanation:

• The hollow inverted pyramid pattern is the opposite of the hollow pyramid.
• Characters are printed only at the borders (first row, last row, and the diagonals).

printf("11. Hollow Inverted Pyramid:\n");
for (i = n; i > 0; i--) {
    for (j = n - i; j > 0; j--) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < (2 * i - 1); j++) {
        if (j == 0 || i == n  || j == (i-1) * 2 ) {
            printf("%c", ch);
        } else {
            printf(" ");
        }
    }
  printf("\n");
}

Output:

*********
 *     *
  *   *
   * *
    * 

Hollow Diamond

Explanation:

• The hollow diamond pattern is symmetrical and centered.
• It consists of a hollow upper and lower triangle.

printf("12. Hollow Diamond:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) {
        if (j == 0 || j == i) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
        if (j == n - 1 || j == i + 1) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

Output:

    * 
   * * 
  *   * 
 *     * 
*       * 
 *     * 
  *   * 
   * * 
    * 

Hollow Hourglass

Explanation:

• The hollow hourglass pattern is symmetrical and centered.
• It consists of a hollow upper and lower inverted triangle.

printf("13. Hollow Hourglass:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < (n - i) ; j++) {
        if (j == 0 || i == 0  || j ==  n - i - 1) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}
for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
       printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < (i + 1); j++) {
       if (i == n - 1 || j == 0 || j == i) {
           printf("%c ", ch);
       } else {
           printf("  ");
       }
     }
     printf("\n");
}

Output:

* * * * * 
 *     * 
  *   * 
   * * 
    * 
   * * 
  *   * 
 *     * 
* * * * * 

Hollow Rhombus

Explanation:

• The hollow rhombus pattern is symmetrical and centered.
• Characters are printed only at the borders.

printf("14. Hollow Rhombus:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (int j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
        printf("   ");
    }
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        if (i == 0 || i == n - 1 || j == 0 || j == n - 1) {
            printf("%c  ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("   ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

Output:

            *  *  *  *  *  
         *           *  
      *           *  
   *           *  
*  *  *  *  *  

Hollow Parallelogram

Explanation:

• The hollow parallelogram pattern is symmetrical and slanted to one side.
• Characters are printed only at the borders.

printf("15. Hollow Parallelogram:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < n * 2; j++) {
        if (i == n - 1 || i == 0 || j == 0 || j == n * 2 - 1) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

Output:

* * * * * * * * * * 
 *                 * 
  *                 * 
   *                 * 
    * * * * * * * * * *  

Hollow Hexagon

Explanation:

• The hollow hexagon pattern consists of a combination of upper and lower triangles and a middle section.
• Characters are printed only at the borders.

printf("16. Hollow Hexagon:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
    for (j = n / 2 - i; j > 0; j--) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < n + 1 * i; j++) {
        if ( i == 0 || j == 0 || j == n * i) {
           printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
           printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}
for (i = n / 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    for (j = 0; j < n / 2 - i; j++) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < n + i; j++) {
        if (i == n - 1 || i == 0 || j == 0 || j == n + i - 1) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

Output:

  * * * * * 
 *         * 
*           * 
 *         * 
  * * * * * 

Hollow Pentagon

Explanation:

• The hollow pentagon pattern consists of an upper triangle and a lower rectangle.
• Characters are printed only at the borders.

printf("17. Hollow Pentagon:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n+1; i++) {
    for (j = n ; j > i; j--) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < (i + 1); j++) {
        if ( j == 0 || i == 0 || j == i ) {
            printf(" %c", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}
for (i = n / 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    for (j = 0; j < n / 2 - i; j++) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (j = 0; j < n +  i; j++) {
        if (i == n - 1 || i == 0 || j == 0 || j == n + i - 1) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

Output:

      *
     * *
    *   *
   *     *
  *       *
 *         *
*           * 
 *         * 
  * * * * * 

Hollow Inverted Pentagon

Explanation:

• The hollow inverted pentagon pattern consists of an upper inverted triangle and a lower inverted rectangle.
• Characters are printed only at the borders.

printf("18. Hollow Inverted Pentagon:\n");
for (int i = 0; i <= n / 2; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < n / 2 - i; j++) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (int j = 0; j < n + i; j++) {
        if (i == n - 1 || i == 0 || j == 0 || j == n + i - 1) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}
for (int i = n + 1; i > 0; i--) {
    for (int j = n + 2; j > i; j--) {
        printf(" ");
    }
    for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
        if ( j == 0 || j == i - 1) {
            printf("%c ", ch);
        } else {
            printf("  ");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

Output:

  * * * * * 
 *         * 
*           * 
 *         * 
  *       * 
   *     * 
    *   * 
     * * 
      *  

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have explored a variety of patterns using loops and conditional statements in C, each producing different geometric shapes and designs. These patterns include solid and hollow variants of squares, triangles, pyramids, diamonds, hourglasses, rhombuses, parallelograms, hexagons, and pentagons. Understanding and implementing these patterns helps to strengthen programming logic, loop constructs, and conditionals, which are fundamental concepts in computer science.

By practicing these patterns, you can enhance your problem-solving skills and improve your ability to visualize and implement complex patterns in code. These exercises also provide a solid foundation for more advanced programming tasks and algorithms.

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