创建默认支持utf8的数据库 createdatabasedb1defaultcharactersetutf8; 命令行 rakedb:***** script/generatemodeltaskname:stringpriority:integer script/generatemigrationadd_description_to_taskdescription:string script/generatemigrationremove_de
创建默认支持utf8的数据库
create database db1 default character set utf8;
命令行
rake db:*****
script/generate model task name:string priority:integer
script/generate migration add_description_to_task description:string
script/generate migration remove_description_from_task description:string
数据类型
引用
# :string, :text, :integer, :float,:decimal, :datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date,
# :binary, :boolean
与db有关的rake任务
db:charset 检索当前环境下数据库的字符设置
db:collation 检索当前环境下数据库的校对
db:create 用config\database.yml中的定义创建当前 RAILS_ENV 项目环境下的数据库
db:create:all 用config\database.yml中的定义创建所有数据库
db:drop 删除当前 RAILS_ENV项目环境中的数据库
db:drop:all 删除所有在 config\database.yml中定义的数据库
db:reset 从db\schema.rb中为当前环境重建数据库(先删后建).
db:rollback 回滚(清华出版社一本SQLSERVER书的名词[很奇怪为什么不直接用滚回])数据库到前一个版本. 指定回滚到哪一步要用 STEP=n 参数
db:version 检索当前模式下的版本
备份数据库
rake db:backup:create 根据database.yml的信息备份数据库
rake db:backup:destroy 默认删除一天前的备份数据
rake db:backup:rebuild 默认恢复最新的备份数据
注意:这里设置的备份目录是db的backup目录,可以修改
添加索引
引用
add_index :acls, ["action_id","group_id"],:unique=>true
add_index :acls, :action_id
drop all tables 删除全部表
rake db:migrate VERSION=0
指定恢复/删除:
rake db:migrate:down/up VERSION = version_of_migrati
定义数字精确度
t.integer :total_price, :precision=>8,:scale=>2,:default=>0
========================================================================================================================================================
rake db:abort_if_pending_migrations # Raises an error if there are pending migrations
rake db:charset # Retrieves the charset for the current environment's database
rake db:collation # Retrieves the collation for the current environment's database
rake db:create # Create the database defined in config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV
rake db:create:all # Create all the local databases defined in config/database.yml
rake db:drop # Drops the database for the current RAILS_ENV
rake db:drop:all # Drops all the local databases defined in config/database.yml
rake db:fixtures:identify # Search for a fixture given a LABEL or ID.
rake db:fixtures:load # Load fixtures into the current environment's database.
rake db:migrate # Migrate the database through scripts in db/migrate.
rake db:migrate:down # Runs the "down" for a given migration VERSION.
rake db:migrate:redo # Rollbacks the database one migration and re migrate up.
rake db:migrate:reset # Resets your database using your migrations for the current environment
rake db:migrate:up # Runs the "up" for a given migration VERSION.
rake db:reset # Drops and recreates the database from db/schema.rb for the current environment.
rake db:rollback # Rolls the schema back to the previous version.
rake db:schema:dump # Create a db/schema.rb file that can be portably used against any DB supported by AR
rake db:schema:load # Load a schema.rb file into the database
rake db:sessions:clear # Clear the sessions table
rake db:sessions:create # Creates a sessions migration for use with CGI::Session::ActiveRecordStore
rake db:structure:dump # Dump the database structure to a SQL file
rake db:test:clone # Recreate the test database from the current environment's database schema
rake db:test:clone_structure # Recreate the test databases from the development structure
rake db:test:load # Recreate the test database from the current schema.rb
rake db:test:prepare # Check for pending migrations and load the test schema
rake db:test:purge # Empty the test database
rake db:version # Retrieves the current schema version number
rake doc:app # Build the app HTML Files
rake doc:clobber_app # Remove rdoc products
rake doc:clobber_plugins # Remove plugin documentation
rake doc:clobber_rails # Remove rdoc products
rake doc:guides # Generate Rails guides
rake doc:plugins # Generate documentation for all installed plugins
rake doc:rails # Build the rails HTML Files
rake doc:reapp # Force a rebuild of the RDOC files
rake doc:rerails # Force a rebuild of the RDOC files
rake gems # List the gems that this rails application depends on
rake gems:build # Build any native extensions for unpacked gems
rake gems:install # Installs all required gems for this application.
rake gems:refresh_specs # Regenerate gem specifications in correct format.
rake gems:unpack # Unpacks the specified gem into vendor/gems.
rake gems:unpack:dependencies # Unpacks the specified gems and its dependencies into vendor/gems
rake log:clear # Truncates all *.log files in log/ to zero bytes
rake notes # Enumerate all annotations
rake notes:custom # Enumerate a custom annotation, specify with ANNOTATION=WTFHAX
rake notes:fixme # Enumerate all FIXME annotations
rake notes:optimize # Enumerate all OPTIMIZE annotations
rake notes:todo # Enumerate all TODO annotations
rake rails:freeze:edge # Lock to latest Edge Rails, for a specific release use RELEASE=1.2.0
rake rails:freeze:gems # Lock this application to the current gems (by unpacking them into vendor/rails)
rake rails:unfreeze # Unlock this application from freeze of gems or edge and return to a fluid use of system gems
rake rails:update # Update both configs, scripts and public/javascripts from Rails
rake rails:update:configs # Update config/boot.rb from your current rails install
rake rails:update:javascripts # Update your javascripts from your current rails install
rake rails:update:scripts # Add new scripts to the application script/ directory
rake routes # Print out all defined routes in match order, with names.
rake secret # Generate a crytographically secure secret key.
rake stats # Report code statistics (KLOCs, etc) from the application
rake test # Run all unit, functional and integration tests
rake test:benchmark # Run tests for benchmarkdb:test:prepare / Benchmark the performance tests
rake test:functionals # Run tests for functionalsdb:test:prepare / Run the functional tests in test/functional
rake test:integration # Run tests for integrationdb:test:prepare / Run the integration tests in test/integration
rake test:plugins # Run tests for pluginsenvironment / Run the plugin tests in vendor/plugins/*/**/test (or specify with PLUGIN=name)
rake test:profile # Run tests for profiledb:test:prepare / Profile the performance tests
rake test:recent # Run tests for recentdb:test:prepare / Test recent changes
rake test:uncommitted # Run tests for uncommitteddb:test:prepare / Test changes since last checkin (only Subversion and Git)
rake test:units # Run tests for unitsdb:test:prepare / Run the unit tests in test/unit
rake time:zones:all # Displays names of all time zones recognized by the Rails TimeZone class, grouped by offset.
rake time:zones:local # Displays names of time zones recognized by the Rails TimeZone class with the same offset as the system local time
rake time:zones:us # Displays names of US time zones recognized by the Rails TimeZone class, grouped by offset.
rake tmp:cache:clear # Clears all files and directories in tmp/cache
rake tmp:clear # Clear session, cache, and socket files from tmp/
rake tmp:create # Creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, and sockets
rake tmp:pids:clear # Clears all files in tmp/pids
rake tmp:sessions:clear # Clears all files in tmp/sessions
rake tmp:sockets:clear # Clears all files in tmp/sockets

MySQL和SQLite的主要區別在於設計理念和使用場景:1.MySQL適用於大型應用和企業級解決方案,支持高性能和高並發;2.SQLite適合移動應用和桌面軟件,輕量級且易於嵌入。

MySQL中的索引是數據庫表中一列或多列的有序結構,用於加速數據檢索。 1)索引通過減少掃描數據量提升查詢速度。 2)B-Tree索引利用平衡樹結構,適合範圍查詢和排序。 3)創建索引使用CREATEINDEX語句,如CREATEINDEXidx_customer_idONorders(customer_id)。 4)複合索引可優化多列查詢,如CREATEINDEXidx_customer_orderONorders(customer_id,order_date)。 5)使用EXPLAIN分析查詢計劃,避

在MySQL中使用事務可以確保數據一致性。 1)通過STARTTRANSACTION開始事務,執行SQL操作後用COMMIT提交或ROLLBACK回滾。 2)使用SAVEPOINT可以設置保存點,允許部分回滾。 3)性能優化建議包括縮短事務時間、避免大規模查詢和合理使用隔離級別。

選擇PostgreSQL而非MySQL的場景包括:1)需要復雜查詢和高級SQL功能,2)要求嚴格的數據完整性和ACID遵從性,3)需要高級空間功能,4)處理大數據集時需要高性能。 PostgreSQL在這些方面表現出色,適合需要復雜數據處理和高數據完整性的項目。

MySQL數據庫的安全可以通過以下措施實現:1.用戶權限管理:通過CREATEUSER和GRANT命令嚴格控制訪問權限。 2.加密傳輸:配置SSL/TLS確保數據傳輸安全。 3.數據庫備份和恢復:使用mysqldump或mysqlpump定期備份數據。 4.高級安全策略:使用防火牆限制訪問,並啟用審計日誌記錄操作。 5.性能優化與最佳實踐:通過索引和查詢優化以及定期維護兼顧安全和性能。

如何有效監控MySQL性能?使用mysqladmin、SHOWGLOBALSTATUS、PerconaMonitoringandManagement(PMM)和MySQLEnterpriseMonitor等工具。 1.使用mysqladmin查看連接數。 2.用SHOWGLOBALSTATUS查看查詢數。 3.PMM提供詳細性能數據和圖形化界面。 4.MySQLEnterpriseMonitor提供豐富的監控功能和報警機制。

MySQL和SQLServer的区别在于:1)MySQL是开源的,适用于Web和嵌入式系统,2)SQLServer是微软的商业产品,适用于企业级应用。两者在存储引擎、性能优化和应用场景上有显著差异,选择时需考虑项目规模和未来扩展性。

在需要高可用性、高級安全性和良好集成性的企業級應用場景下,應選擇SQLServer而不是MySQL。 1)SQLServer提供企業級功能,如高可用性和高級安全性。 2)它與微軟生態系統如VisualStudio和PowerBI緊密集成。 3)SQLServer在性能優化方面表現出色,支持內存優化表和列存儲索引。


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