Jadual Kandungan
urutan................................................. ................................................... ............... ................................... .............................. .5
Kata pengantar........................................ ......... ................................................... ...... ................................................ .....7
Ucapan terima kasih................................................. ....... .............................................. ...................... ................................ ............9
Bab 1 Gambaran Keseluruhan Bahasa C/C++............................................ .. ................................................... ............. .............10
1.1 Kerangka asas program...................................... ...... ................................................... ......... ............10
1.2 Pembolehubah............................................ ........ ................................................... ....... ............................11
1.2.1 Definisi pembolehubah............................................ .... ................................................... .......... .............11
1.2.2 Penetapan pembolehubah............................................ .... ................................................ ................... .............11
1.2.3 Rujukan kepada pembolehubah............................................ .... ................................................... .......... .............12
1.3 Jenis data bahasa C/C++............................................ .. ................................................... ............. .......12
1.4 Pemalar................................................ ................................................... ............... ........................14
1.5 Pengendali dan ungkapan............................................ ...... ................................................... ......... .............15
1.5.1 Pengendali aritmetik................................................. ... ................................................... .................. .............15
1.5.2 Pengendali tugasan .............................................. ... ................................................... .................. .............17
1.5.3 Pengendali perhubungan................................................. ... ................................................... .................. .............17
1.5.4 Operator logik................................................ ... ................................................... .................. ............17
1.5.5 Operator bit............................................ ..... ................................................... .......... .............18
1.6 Nota................................................ ................ ................................. .............................. ................... .....22
1.7 Penyata cawangan .............................................. ................................................. ................ ........................23
1.7.1 jika penyataan .............................................. ... ................................................... .................. .............23
1.7.2 penyataan suis............................................ ... ................................................... .................. .......24
1.8 Penyataan gelung .............................................. ................................................. ................ ............................26
1.8.1 untuk penyataan................................................ ... ................................................... .................. .............27
1.8.2 manakala penyataan ............................................ ... ................................................... .................. ............28
1.8.3 penyataan do-sambil...................................... ..... ................................................... .......... .......28
1.8.4 penyataan putus............................................ ... ................................................... .................. ............29
1.8.5 sambung penyataan............................................ ... ................................................... .................. .........30
1.9 Fungsi................................................... ...... ................................................ ..................... ........................30
1.9.1 Definisi fungsi............................................ .... ................................................... .......... .............31
1.9.2 Panggilan fungsi........................................ ..... ................................................... .......... .............32
1.9.3 Nilai hantaran dan pulangan parameter................................ .......... ................................................... ..... ...32
1.9.4 Fungsi perpustakaan dan fail pengepala............................................ .. ................................................... ............. .......33
1.10 Input dan keluaran standard............................................ ....... ................................................... ........ .............33
1.10.1 fungsi printf (fungsi output standard)............................................. ...................................34
1.10.2 fungsi imbasan (fungsi input standard) ........................................ ...................................35
1.11 Pembolehubah global dan pembolehubah tempatan............................................ .... ................................................... .......... ......35
1.12 Tatasusunan................................................ ................................................... ............... ........................37
1.12.1 Tatasusunan satu dimensi............................................. ..... ................................................... .................... ............37
1.12.2 Tatasusunan dua dimensi............................................. ..... ................................................... .................... ............39
1.12.3 Permulaan tatasusunan............................................ .... ................................................ ................... ........40
1.12.4 Susunan di luar sempadan............................................ ... ................................................... ............ .............41
1.13 Rentetan................................................... ................................................... ............... ........................41