MySQL字符集专题（字符集，校对，乱码）_MySQL

1 MySQL字符集简介

    MySQL服务器可以支持多种字符集，在同一台服务器，同一个数据库，甚至同一个表的不同字段都可以指定使用不同的字符集，相比oracle等其他数据库管理系统，在同一个数据库只能使用相同的字符集，MySQL明显存在更大的灵活性。
    MySQL的字符集包括字符集（CHARACTER）和校对规则（COLLATION）两个概念。字符集是用来定义MySQL存储字符串的方式，校对规则则是定义了比较字符串的方式，解决排序和字符分组的问题。字符集和校对规则是一对多的关系,每个字符集至少对应一个校对规则，MySQL支持39种字符集的将近200种校对规则。

    在MySQL中，字符集的概念和编码方案被看做是同义词，一个字符集是一个转换表和一个编码方案的组合。

    Unicode（Universal Code）是一种在计算机上使用的字符编码。Unicode 是为了解决传统的字符编码方案的局限而产生的，它为每种语言中的每个字符设定了统一并且唯一的二进制编码，以满足跨语言、跨平台进行文本转换、处理的要求。Unicode存在不同的编码方案，包括Utf-8，Utf-16和Utf-32。Utf表示Unicode Transformation Format。

2 查看字符集及校对

    2.1 查看字符集

mysql> show character set;mysql> select *  from information_schema.character_sets;mysql> select character_set_name, default_collate_name, description, maxlen  from information_schema.character_sets;

    输出结果如下

+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+| Charset  | Description                 | Default collation   | Maxlen |+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 || dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 || cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 || hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 || koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 || latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 || latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci   |      1 || swe7     | 7bit Swedish                | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 || ascii    | US ASCII                    | ascii_general_ci    |      1 || ujis     | EUC-JP Japanese             | ujis_japanese_ci    |      3 || sjis     | Shift-JIS Japanese          | sjis_japanese_ci    |      2 || hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew           | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 || tis620   | TIS620 Thai                 | tis620_thai_ci      |      1 || euckr    | EUC-KR Korean               | euckr_korean_ci     |      2 || koi8u    | KOI8-U Ukrainian            | koi8u_general_ci    |      1 || gb2312   | GB2312 Simplified Chinese   | gb2312_chinese_ci   |      2 || greek    | ISO 8859-7 Greek            | greek_general_ci    |      1 || cp1250   | Windows Central European    | cp1250_general_ci   |      1 || gbk      | GBK Simplified Chinese      | gbk_chinese_ci      |      2 || latin5   | ISO 8859-9 Turkish          | latin5_turkish_ci   |      1 || armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian          | armscii8_general_ci |      1 || utf8     | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8_general_ci     |      3 || ucs2     | UCS-2 Unicode               | ucs2_general_ci     |      2 || cp866    | DOS Russian                 | cp866_general_ci    |      1 || keybcs2  | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak  | keybcs2_general_ci  |      1 || macce    | Mac Central European        | macce_general_ci    |      1 || macroman | Mac West European           | macroman_general_ci |      1 || cp852    | DOS Central European        | cp852_general_ci    |      1 || latin7   | ISO 8859-13 Baltic          | latin7_general_ci   |      1 || utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8mb4_general_ci  |      4 || cp1251   | Windows Cyrillic            | cp1251_general_ci   |      1 || utf16    | UTF-16 Unicode              | utf16_general_ci    |      4 || cp1256   | Windows Arabic              | cp1256_general_ci   |      1 || cp1257   | Windows Baltic              | cp1257_general_ci   |      1 || utf32    | UTF-32 Unicode              | utf32_general_ci    |      4 || binary   | Binary pseudo charset       | binary              |      1 || geostd8  | GEOSTD8 Georgian            | geostd8_general_ci  |      1 || cp932    | SJIS for Windows Japanese   | cp932_japanese_ci   |      2 || eucjpms  | UJIS for Windows Japanese   | eucjpms_japanese_ci |      3 |+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+

    其中：

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