python如何识别验证码

在python爬虫爬取某些网站的验证码的时候可能会遇到验证码识别的问题，现在的验证码大多分为四类：1、计算验证码2、滑块验证码3、识图验证码4、语音验证码

这里主要是识别验证码，识别的是简单的验证码，要想让识别率更高，识别的更加准确就需要花很多的精力去训练自己的字体库。

识别验证码通常是这几个步骤：

1、灰度处理

2、二值化

3、去除边框（如果有的话）

4、降噪

5、切割字符或者倾斜度矫正

6、训练字体库

7、识别

这6个步骤中前三个步骤是基本的，4或者5可根据实际情况选择是否需要，并不一定切割验证码，识别率就会上升很多有时候还会下降

用到的几个主要的python库： Pillow(python图像处理库)、OpenCV(高级图像处理库)、pytesseract(识别库)

下面案例使用方法：

1、将要识别的验证码图片放入与脚本同级的img文件夹中，创建out_img文件夹

2、python3 filename

3、二值化、降噪等各个阶段的图片将存储在out_img文件夹中，最终识别结果会打印到屏幕上

完整的二维码识别代码：

from PIL import Image
from pytesseract import *
from fnmatch import fnmatch
from queue import Queue
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cv2
import time
import os
def clear_border(img,img_name):
  '''去除边框
  '''
  filename = './out_img/' + img_name.split('.')[0] + '-clearBorder.jpg'
  h, w = img.shape[:2]
  for y in range(0, w):
    for x in range(0, h):
      # if y ==0 or y == w -1 or y == w - 2:
      if y < 4 or y > w -4:
        img[x, y] = 255
      # if x == 0 or x == h - 1 or x == h - 2:
      if x < 4 or x > h - 4:
        img[x, y] = 255
  cv2.imwrite(filename,img)
  return img
def interference_line(img, img_name):
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  干扰线降噪
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  filename =  &#39;./out_img/&#39; + img_name.split(&#39;.&#39;)[0] + &#39;-interferenceline.jpg&#39;
  h, w = img.shape[:2]
  # ！！！opencv矩阵点是反的
  # img[1,2] 1:图片的高度，2：图片的宽度
  for y in range(1, w - 1):
    for x in range(1, h - 1):
      count = 0
      if img[x, y - 1] > 245:
        count = count + 1
      if img[x, y + 1] > 245:
        count = count + 1
      if img[x - 1, y] > 245:
        count = count + 1
      if img[x + 1, y] > 245:
        count = count + 1
      if count > 2:
        img[x, y] = 255
  cv2.imwrite(filename,img)
  return img
def interference_point(img,img_name, x = 0, y = 0):
    """点降噪
    9邻域框,以当前点为中心的田字框,黑点个数
    :param x:
    :param y:
    :return:
    """
    filename =  &#39;./out_img/&#39; + img_name.split(&#39;.&#39;)[0] + &#39;-interferencePoint.jpg&#39;
    # todo 判断图片的长宽度下限
    cur_pixel = img[x,y]# 当前像素点的值
    height,width = img.shape[:2]
    for y in range(0, width - 1):
      for x in range(0, height - 1):
        if y == 0:  # 第一行
            if x == 0:  # 左上顶点,4邻域
                # 中心点旁边3个点
                sum = int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x, y + 1]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y + 1])
                if sum <= 2 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
            elif x == height - 1:  # 右上顶点
                sum = int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x, y + 1]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y + 1])
                if sum <= 2 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
            else:  # 最上非顶点,6邻域
                sum = int(img[x - 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y + 1]) \
                      + int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x, y + 1]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y + 1])
                if sum <= 3 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
        elif y == width - 1:  # 最下面一行
            if x == 0:  # 左下顶点
                # 中心点旁边3个点
                sum = int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y - 1]) \
                      + int(img[x, y - 1])
                if sum <= 2 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
            elif x == height - 1:  # 右下顶点
                sum = int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x, y - 1]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y - 1])
                if sum <= 2 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
            else:  # 最下非顶点,6邻域
                sum = int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x, y - 1]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y - 1]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y - 1])
                if sum <= 3 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
        else:  # y不在边界
            if x == 0:  # 左边非顶点
                sum = int(img[x, y - 1]) \
                      + int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x, y + 1]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y - 1]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y + 1])
                if sum <= 3 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
            elif x == height - 1:  # 右边非顶点
                sum = int(img[x, y - 1]) \
                      + int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x, y + 1]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y - 1]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y + 1])
                if sum <= 3 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
            else:  # 具备9领域条件的
                sum = int(img[x - 1, y - 1]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x - 1, y + 1]) \
                      + int(img[x, y - 1]) \
                      + int(cur_pixel) \
                      + int(img[x, y + 1]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y - 1]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y]) \
                      + int(img[x + 1, y + 1])
                if sum <= 4 * 245:
                  img[x, y] = 0
    cv2.imwrite(filename,img)
    return img
def _get_dynamic_binary_image(filedir, img_name):
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  自适应阀值二值化
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  filename =   &#39;./out_img/&#39; + img_name.split(&#39;.&#39;)[0] + &#39;-binary.jpg&#39;
  img_name = filedir + &#39;/&#39; + img_name
  print(&#39;.....&#39; + img_name)
  im = cv2.imread(img_name)
  im = cv2.cvtColor(im,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
  th1 = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(im, 255, cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C, cv2.THRESH_BINARY, 21, 1)
  cv2.imwrite(filename,th1)
  return th1
def _get_static_binary_image(img, threshold = 140):
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  手动二值化
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  img = Image.open(img)
  img = img.convert(&#39;L&#39;)
  pixdata = img.load()
  w, h = img.size
  for y in range(h):
    for x in range(w):
      if pixdata[x, y] < threshold:
        pixdata[x, y] = 0
      else:
        pixdata[x, y] = 255
  return img
def cfs(im,x_fd,y_fd):
  &#39;&#39;&#39;用队列和集合记录遍历过的像素坐标代替单纯递归以解决cfs访问过深问题
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  # print(&#39;**********&#39;)
  xaxis=[]
  yaxis=[]
  visited =set()
  q = Queue()
  q.put((x_fd, y_fd))
  visited.add((x_fd, y_fd))
  offsets=[(1, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1)]#四邻域
  while not q.empty():
      x,y=q.get()
      for xoffset,yoffset in offsets:
          x_neighbor,y_neighbor = x+xoffset,y+yoffset
          if (x_neighbor,y_neighbor) in (visited):
              continue  # 已经访问过了
          visited.add((x_neighbor, y_neighbor))
          try:
              if im[x_neighbor, y_neighbor] == 0:
                  xaxis.append(x_neighbor)
                  yaxis.append(y_neighbor)
                  q.put((x_neighbor,y_neighbor))
          except IndexError:
              pass
  # print(xaxis)
  if (len(xaxis) == 0 | len(yaxis) == 0):
    xmax = x_fd + 1
    xmin = x_fd
    ymax = y_fd + 1
    ymin = y_fd
  else:
    xmax = max(xaxis)
    xmin = min(xaxis)
    ymax = max(yaxis)
    ymin = min(yaxis)
    #ymin,ymax=sort(yaxis)
  return ymax,ymin,xmax,xmin
def detectFgPix(im,xmax):
  &#39;&#39;&#39;搜索区块起点
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  h,w = im.shape[:2]
  for y_fd in range(xmax+1,w):
      for x_fd in range(h):
          if im[x_fd,y_fd] == 0:
              return x_fd,y_fd
def CFS(im):
  &#39;&#39;&#39;切割字符位置
  &#39;&#39;&#39;
  zoneL=[]#各区块长度L列表
  zoneWB=[]#各区块的X轴[起始，终点]列表
  zoneHB=[]#各区块的Y轴[起始，终点]列表
  xmax=0#上一区块结束黑点横坐标,这里是初始化
  for i in range(10):
      try:
          x_fd,y_fd = detectFgPix(im,xmax)
          # print(y_fd,x_fd)
          xmax,xmin,ymax,ymin=cfs(im,x_fd,y_fd)
          L = xmax - xmin
          H = ymax - ymin
          zoneL.append(L)
          zoneWB.append([xmin,xmax])
          zoneHB.append([ymin,ymax])
      except TypeError:
          return zoneL,zoneWB,zoneHB
  return zoneL,zoneWB,zoneHB
def cutting_img(im,im_position,img,xoffset = 1,yoffset = 1):
  filename =  &#39;./out_img/&#39; + img.split(&#39;.&#39;)[0]
  # 识别出的字符个数
  im_number = len(im_position[1])
  # 切割字符
  for i in range(im_number):
    im_start_X = im_position[1][i][0] - xoffset
    im_end_X = im_position[1][i][1] + xoffset
    im_start_Y = im_position[2][i][0] - yoffset
    im_end_Y = im_position[2][i][1] + yoffset
    cropped = im[im_start_Y:im_end_Y, im_start_X:im_end_X]
    cv2.imwrite(filename + &#39;-cutting-&#39; + str(i) + &#39;.jpg&#39;,cropped)
def main():
  filedir = &#39;./easy_img&#39;
  for file in os.listdir(filedir):
    if fnmatch(file, &#39;*.jpeg&#39;):
      img_name = file
      # 自适应阈值二值化
      im = _get_dynamic_binary_image(filedir, img_name)
      # 去除边框
      im = clear_border(im,img_name)
      # 对图片进行干扰线降噪
      im = interference_line(im,img_name)
      # 对图片进行点降噪
      im = interference_point(im,img_name)
      # 切割的位置
      im_position = CFS(im)
      maxL = max(im_position[0])
      minL = min(im_position[0])
      # 如果有粘连字符，如果一个字符的长度过长就认为是粘连字符，并从中间进行切割
      if(maxL > minL + minL * 0.7):
        maxL_index = im_position[0].index(maxL)
        minL_index = im_position[0].index(minL)
        # 设置字符的宽度
        im_position[0][maxL_index] = maxL // 2
        im_position[0].insert(maxL_index + 1, maxL // 2)
        # 设置字符X轴[起始，终点]位置
        im_position[1][maxL_index][1] = im_position[1][maxL_index][0] + maxL // 2
        im_position[1].insert(maxL_index + 1, [im_position[1][maxL_index][1] + 1, im_position[1][maxL_index][1] + 1 + maxL // 2])
        # 设置字符的Y轴[起始，终点]位置
        im_position[2].insert(maxL_index + 1, im_position[2][maxL_index])
      # 切割字符，要想切得好就得配置参数，通常 1 or 2 就可以
      cutting_img(im,im_position,img_name,1,1)
      # 识别验证码
      cutting_img_num = 0
      for file in os.listdir(&#39;./out_img&#39;):
        str_img = &#39;&#39;
        if fnmatch(file, &#39;%s-cutting-*.jpg&#39; % img_name.split(&#39;.&#39;)[0]):
          cutting_img_num += 1
      for i in range(cutting_img_num):
        try:
          file = &#39;./out_img/%s-cutting-%s.jpg&#39; % (img_name.split(&#39;.&#39;)[0], i)
          # 识别验证码
          str_img = str_img + image_to_string(Image.open(file),lang = &#39;eng&#39;, config=&#39;-psm 10&#39;) #单个字符是10，一行文本是7
        except Exception as err:
          pass
      print(&#39;切图：%s&#39; % cutting_img_num)
      print(&#39;识别为：%s&#39; % str_img)
if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
  main()

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