1,关于MySQL Group Replication
基于组的复制(Group-basedReplication)是一种被使用在容错系统中的技术。Replication-group(复制组)是由能够相互通信的多个服务器(节点)组成的。
在通信层,Groupreplication实现了一系列的机制:比如原子消息(atomicmessage delivery)和全序化消息(totalorderingof messages)。这些原子化,抽象化的机制,为实现更先进的数据库复制方案提供了强有力的支持。
MySQL Group Replication正是基于这些技术和概念,实现了一种多主全更新的复制协议。
简而言之,一个Replication-group就是一组节点,每个节点都可以独立执行事务,而读写事务则会在于group内的其他节点进行协调之后再commit。
因此,当一个事务准备提交时,会自动在group内进行原子性的广播,告知其他节点变更了什么内容/执行了什么事务。
这种原子广播的方式,使得这个事务在每一个节点上都保持着同样顺序。
这意味着每一个节点都以同样的顺序,接收到了同样的事务日志,所以每一个节点以同样的顺序重演了这些事务日志,最终整个group保持了完全一致的状态。
然而,不同的节点上执行的事务之间有可能存在资源争用。这种现象容易出现在两个不同的并发事务上。
假设在不同的节点上有两个并发事务,更新了同一行数据,那么就会发生资源争用。
面对这种情况,GroupReplication判定先提交的事务为有效事务,会在整个group里面重演,后提交的事务会直接中断,或者回滚,最后丢弃掉。
因此,这也是一个无共享的复制方案,每一个节点都保存了完整的数据副本。看如下图片01.png,描述了具体的工作流程,能够简洁的和其他方案进行对比。这个复制方案,在某种程度上,和数据库状态机(DBSM)的Replication方法比较类似。
2,安装mysql 5.7.17
官方下载,不过官方只保留最新的version,5.7.17这个url地址不一定长期有效,所以,需要的不一定有,我这里在百度云盘保留了下来,版本是5.7.17,可以随时去下载使用,
在三台db服务器上面设置/etc/hosts映射,如下:
192.168.121.71 db1 192.168.121.111 db2 192.168.121.24 db3
安装的数据库服务器:
数据库服务器地址 |
端口 |
数据目录 |
Server-id |
192.168.121.71(db1) |
3317 |
/data/mysql/data |
12001 |
192.168.121.111(db2) |
3317 |
/data/mysql/data |
12002 |
192.168.121.24(db3) |
3317 |
/data/mysql/data |
12003 |
3,创建复制环境
设置hostname和ip映射
在db1、db2、db3上都设置
vim /etc/hosts 192.168.121.71 db1 hch_test_dbm2_121_71 192.168.121.111 db2 bpe_service 192.168.121.24 db3 hch_test_web_1_24 |
在db1/db2/db3上建立复制账号:
mysql> SET SQL_LOG_BIN=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'192.168.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'rlpbright_1927@ys'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> SET SQL_LOG_BIN=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
4,安装group replication插件
在db1、db2、db3上依次安装group replication插件
mysql> INSTALL PLUGIN group_replication SONAME 'group_replication.so'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql>
plugin-load=group_replication或者直接在配置文件my.cnf中配置:
查看group replication组件
mysql> show plugins; +----------------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------+---------+ | Name | Status | Type | Library | License | +----------------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------+---------+ | binlog | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | mysql_native_password | ACTIVE | AUTHENTICATION | NULL | GPL | | sha256_password | ACTIVE | AUTHENTICATION | NULL | GPL | | MyISAM | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | InnoDB | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_TRX | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_LOCKS | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_LOCK_WAITS | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_CMP | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_CMP_RESET | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_CMPMEM | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_METRICS | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_FT_DELETED | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_FT_CONFIG | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_TABLES | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_INDEXES | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_FIELDS | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL | ACTIVE | INFORMATION SCHEMA | NULL | GPL | | MRG_MYISAM | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | MEMORY | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | CSV | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | BLACKHOLE | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | partition | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | FEDERATED | DISABLED | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | ARCHIVE | ACTIVE | STORAGE ENGINE | NULL | GPL | | ngram | ACTIVE | FTPARSER | NULL | GPL | | group_replication | ACTIVE | GROUP REPLICATION | group_replication.so | GPL | +----------------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------+---------+ 45 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
看到有group_replication ACTIVE,表示插group_replication插件安装成功。
5,配置group replication参数
确保binlog_format是row格式。
mysql> show variables like 'binlog_format'; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | binlog_format | ROW | +---------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
两种配置方式,在线添加 OR 配置文件
(1) db1上的my.cnf配置: # replication config server_id=12001 gtid_mode=ON enforce_gtid_consistency=ON master_info_repository=TABLE relay_log_info_repository=TABLE binlog_checksum=NONE log_slave_updates=ON log_bin=binlog binlog_format=ROW # group replication config transaction_write_set_extraction=XXHASH64 loose-group_replication_group_name="e4668cea-d7ca-11e6-86b5-18a99b76310d" loose-group_replication_start_on_boot=off loose-group_replication_local_address= "db1:24901" loose-group_replication_group_seeds= "db1:24901,db2:24902,db3:24903" loose-group_replication_bootstrap_group= off loose-group_replication_single_primary_mode=FALSE loose-group_replication_enforce_update_everywhere_checks= TRUE (2)db2上的my.cnf配置: # replication config server_id=12002 gtid_mode=ON enforce_gtid_consistency=ON master_info_repository=TABLE relay_log_info_repository=TABLE binlog_checksum=NONE log_slave_updates=ON log_bin=binlog binlog_format=ROW # group replication config transaction_write_set_extraction=XXHASH64 loose-group_replication_group_name="e4668cea-d7ca-11e6-86b5-18a99b76310d" loose-group_replication_start_on_boot=off loose-group_replication_local_address= "db2:24902" loose-group_replication_group_seeds= "db1:24901,db2:24902,db3:24903" loose-group_replication_bootstrap_group= off loose-group_replication_single_primary_mode=FALSE loose-group_replication_enforce_update_everywhere_checks= TRUE (3)db3上的my.cnf配置: # replication config server_id=12003 gtid_mode=ON enforce_gtid_consistency=ON master_info_repository=TABLE relay_log_info_repository=TABLE binlog_checksum=NONE log_slave_updates=ON log_bin=binlog binlog_format=ROW # group replication config transaction_write_set_extraction=XXHASH64 loose-group_replication_group_name="e4668cea-d7ca-11e6-86b5-18a99b76310d" loose-group_replication_start_on_boot=off loose-group_replication_local_address= "db3:24903" loose-group_replication_group_seeds= "db1:24901,db2:24902,db3:24903" loose-group_replication_bootstrap_group= off loose-group_replication_single_primary_mode=FALSE loose-group_replication_enforce_update_everywhere_checks= TRUE
配置完后,重启3个db上的mysql服务
Db1启动:
[root@hch_test_dbm2_121_71 ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.. [确定] [root@hch_test_dbm2_121_71 ~]#
Db2启动:
[root@bpe_service ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.. [确定] [root@bpe_service ~]#
Db3启动:
[root@hch_test_web_1_24 ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.. [确定] [root@hch_test_web_1_24 ~]#
6,启动mgr集群
构建之前,保证db1、db2、db3的read_only是关闭的
开始构建group replication集群,通常操作命令
mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='rlpbright_1927@ys' FOR CHANNEL 'group_replication_recovery'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec) mysql>
db1上建立基本主库master库:
# 设置group_replication_bootstrap_group为ON是为了标示以后加入集群的服务器以这台服务器为基准,以后加入的就不需要设置。
mysql> SET GLOBAL group_replication_bootstrap_group = ON; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> START GROUP_REPLICATION; Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.03 sec) mysql> SET GLOBAL group_replication_bootstrap_group=OFF; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members; +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | CHANNEL_NAME | MEMBER_ID | MEMBER_HOST | MEMBER_PORT | MEMBER_STATE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | group_replication_applier | 3381d155-d7d1-11e6-94f7-b8ca3af6e36c | hch_test_dbm2_121_71 | 3317 | ONLINE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
Db2上启动group_replication:
Db2上mysql命令行上执行启动:
mysql> START GROUP_REPLICATION; Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.02 sec) mysql>
db1后台error log日志显示,看到db2加入进来了,进了group:
2017-01-11T07:51:40.623093Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'Marking group replication view change with view_id 14841207424144277:8' 2017-01-11T07:51:40.650962Z 21 [Note] Start binlog_dump to master_thread_id(21) slave_server(12002), pos(, 4) 2017-01-11T07:51:40.687441Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'The member with address bpe_service:3317 was declared online within the replication group' 2017-01-11T07:52:40.651481Z 21 [Note] Aborted connection 21 to db: 'unconnected' user: 'repl' host: '192.168.121.111' (failed on flush_net())
再去master库db1上,查看group_replication成员,会有db2的显示,看到MEMBER_STATE都是ONLINE,表示都是MASTER:
mysql> SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members; +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | CHANNEL_NAME | MEMBER_ID | MEMBER_HOST | MEMBER_PORT | MEMBER_STATE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | group_replication_applier | 3381d155-d7d1-11e6-94f7-b8ca3af6e36c | hch_test_dbm2_121_71 | 3317 | ONLINE | | group_replication_applier | 84dba8ff-d7d2-11e6-aa9a-18a99b76310d | bpe_service | 3317 | ONLINE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
db3上启动group_replication:
Db3命令行上执行:
mysql> set global group_replication_allow_local_disjoint_gtids_join=ON; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> start group_replication; Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.99 sec) mysql>
再去master库db1上,查看group_replication成员,会有db3的显示,而且已经是ONLINE了
mysql> SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members; +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | CHANNEL_NAME | MEMBER_ID | MEMBER_HOST | MEMBER_PORT | MEMBER_STATE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | group_replication_applier | 21750571-d7d3-11e6-91e2-18a99b763071 | hch_test_web_1_24 | 3317 | ONLINE | | group_replication_applier | 3381d155-d7d1-11e6-94f7-b8ca3af6e36c | hch_test_dbm2_121_71 | 3317 | ONLINE | | group_replication_applier | 84dba8ff-d7d2-11e6-aa9a-18a99b76310d | bpe_service | 3317 | ONLINE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
db1上后台error log显示:
2017-01-11T08:13:05.972276Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'getstart group_id 8da193f6' 2017-01-11T08:13:08.146144Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'Marking group replication view change with view_id 14841207424144277:11' 2017-01-11T08:13:08.174808Z 25 [Note] Start binlog_dump to master_thread_id(25) slave_server(12003), pos(, 4) 2017-01-11T08:13:08.218338Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'The member with address hch_test_web_1_24:3317 was declared online within the replication group' 2017-01-11T08:14:08.175308Z 25 [Note] Aborted connection 25 to db: 'unconnected' user: 'repl' host: '192.168.121.24' (failed on flush_net())
最后查看集群状态:
mysql> SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members; +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | CHANNEL_NAME | MEMBER_ID | MEMBER_HOST | MEMBER_PORT | MEMBER_STATE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | group_replication_applier | 3d872c2e-d670-11e6-ac1f-b8ca3af6e36c | hch_test_dbm2_121_71 | 3317 | ONLINE | | group_replication_applier | ef8ac2de-d671-11e6-9ba4-18a99b763071 | hch_test_web_1_24 | 3317 | ONLINE | | group_replication_applier | fdf2b02e-d66f-11e6-98a8-18a99b76310d | bpe_service | 3317 | ONLINE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
7,验证集群复制功能
测试,在master库db1上建立测试库db1,测试表t1,录入一条数据
mysql> create database db1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> create table db1.t1(id int,cn varchar(32)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into t1(id,cn)values( 1,'a'); ERROR 3098 (HY000): The table does not comply with the requirements by an external plugin. mysql> mysql> # 这里原因是group_replaction环境下面,表必须有主键不然不允许往里insert值。所以修改表t1,将id字段设置程主键即可。 mysql> alter table t1 modify id int primary key; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 |
然后在db2上执行insert操作,则成功
然后再db3上执行insert操作,则成功
在db1、db2、db3分部录入的数据,再分表去db1、db2、db3上查看t1表的数据,数据都已经复制同步过来了,已经实现了group里面多成员member多处写操作。
8 添加新的成员
简要步骤:
(1) 安装mysql实例
(2) 准备my.cnf
#replication server_id=12001 # 这个是随着新服务器的添加会变化 gtid_mode=ON enforce_gtid_consistency=ON master_info_repository=TABLE relay_log_info_repository=TABLE binlog_checksum=NONE log_slave_updates=ON log_bin=binlog binlog_format=ROW #group replication transaction_write_set_extraction=XXHASH64 loose-group_replication_group_name="e4668cea-d7ca-11e6-86b5-18a99b76310d" loose-group_replication_start_on_boot=off loose-group_replication_local_address= "db1:24901" # 这个是随着新服务器的添加会变化 loose-group_replication_group_seeds= "db1:24901,db2:24902,db3:24903"# 这个是随着新服务器的添加会变化 loose-group_replication_bootstrap_group= off loose-group_replication_single_primary_mode=FALSE loose-group_replication_enforce_update_everywhere_checks= TRUE
|
(3) 启动mysql实例,service mysqld start;
(4) 开启group replication
SET SQL_LOG_BIN=0; # 在建立复制账号的时候,不需要进入binlog日志 GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'192.168.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'rlpbright_1927@ys'; SET SQL_LOG_BIN=1; CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='rlpbright_1927@ys' FOR CHANNEL 'group_replication_recovery'; START group_replication; SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members; |
(5)验证组成员,SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members;
9,管理操作命令
查看group状态信息:SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members;
查询replication协议的其它数据:select * from performance_schema.replication_group_member_stats\G
|
查看后台进程2个:
[root@hch_test_dbm2_121_71 soft]# netstat -ntpl|grep mysql tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:24901 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3665/mysqld tcp 0 0 :::3317 :::* LISTEN 3665/mysqld [root@hch_test_dbm2_121_71 soft]# |
组复制成员状态表:select * from performance_schema.replication_group_member_stats;查看的是当前的状态:
performance_schema.replication_applier_status
10,问题记录
10.1问题记录一
Db2的mysql窗口报错: mysql> START GROUP_REPLICATION; ERROR 3092 (HY000): The server is not configured properly to be an active member of the group. Please see more details on error log. mysql> db2的error log信息如下: 2017-01-11T07:57:41.161360Z 0 [ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'This member has more executed transactions than those present in the group. Local transactions: 84dba8ff-d7d2-11e6-aa9a-18a99b76310d:1 > Group transactions: 3381d155-d7d1-11e6-94f7-b8ca3af6e36c:1, e4668cea-d7ca-11e6-86b5-18a99b76310d:1-3' 2017-01-11T07:57:41.161430Z 0 [ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'The member contains transactions not present in the group. The member will now exit the group.' 2017-01-11T07:57:41.161445Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'To force this member into the group you can use the group_replication_allow_local_disjoint_gtids_join option' 2017-01-11T07:57:41.161589Z 3 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'Going to wait for view modification' 2017-01-11T07:57:41.162126Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'getstart group_id 8da193f6' 2017-01-11T07:57:44.508236Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'state 4330 action xa_terminate' 2017-01-11T07:57:44.508429Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'new state x_start' 2017-01-11T07:57:44.508561Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'state 4257 action xa_exit' 2017-01-11T07:57:44.508720Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'Exiting xcom thread' 2017-01-11T07:57:44.508746Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'new state x_start' 2017-01-11T07:57:49.549137Z 3 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'auto_increment_increment is reset to 1' 2017-01-11T07:57:49.549192Z 3 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'auto_increment_offset is reset to 1' 2017-01-11T07:57:49.549472Z 23 [Note] Error reading relay log event for channel 'group_replication_applier': slave SQL thread was killed 2017-01-11T07:57:49.550037Z 20 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'The group replication applier thread was killed' 【解决办法】设置group_replication_allow_local_disjoint_gtids_join为ON mysql> set global group_replication_allow_local_disjoint_gtids_join=ON; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> START GROUP_REPLICATION; Query OK, 0 rows affected (5.52 sec) mysql> |
10.2问题记录二
Sql界面显示状态为ERROR:
Errorlog显示:
2017-01-11T08:07:34.587378Z 12 [Note] 'CHANGE MASTER TO FOR CHANNEL 'group_replication_recovery' executed'. Previous state master_host='bpe_service', master_port= 3317, master_log_file='', master_log_pos= 4, master_bind=''. New state master_host='<NULL>', master_port= 0, master_log_file='', master_log_pos= 4, master_bind=''. 2017-01-11T08:07:34.591679Z 12 [ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'Fatal error during the Recovery process of Group Replication. The server will leave the group.' 2017-01-11T08:07:34.592447Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'getstart group_id 8da193f6' 2017-01-11T08:07:37.943536Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'state 4330 action xa_terminate' 2017-01-11T08:07:37.943852Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'new state x_start' 2017-01-11T08:07:37.943879Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'state 4257 action xa_exit' 2017-01-11T08:07:37.943981Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'Exiting xcom thread' 2017-01-11T08:07:37.943999Z 0 [Note] Plugin group_replication reported: 'new state x_start' |
【解决办法】:
mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='rlpbright_1927@ys' FOR CHANNEL 'group_replication_recovery'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec) mysql> stop group_replication; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> start group_replication; Query OK, 0 rows affected (2.20 sec) mysql> mysql> SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members; +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | CHANNEL_NAME | MEMBER_ID | MEMBER_HOST | MEMBER_PORT | MEMBER_STATE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ | group_replication_applier | 21750571-d7d3-11e6-91e2-18a99b763071 | hch_test_web_1_24 | 3317 | ONLINE | | group_replication_applier | 3381d155-d7d1-11e6-94f7-b8ca3af6e36c | hch_test_dbm2_121_71 | 3317 | ONLINE | | group_replication_applier | 84dba8ff-d7d2-11e6-aa9a-18a99b76310d | bpe_service | 3317 | ONLINE | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> |
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MySQL menggunakan lesen GPL. 1) Lesen GPL membolehkan penggunaan percuma, pengubahsuaian dan pengedaran MySQL, tetapi taburan yang diubah suai mesti mematuhi GPL. 2) Lesen komersial boleh mengelakkan pengubahsuaian awam dan sesuai untuk aplikasi komersil yang memerlukan kerahsiaan.

Keadaan ketika memilih innoDB dan bukannya myisam termasuk: 1) sokongan transaksi, 2) persekitaran konkurensi tinggi, 3) konsistensi data yang tinggi; Sebaliknya, keadaan apabila memilih myisam termasuk: 1) terutamanya membaca operasi, 2) Tiada sokongan transaksi diperlukan. InnoDB sesuai untuk aplikasi yang memerlukan konsistensi data yang tinggi dan pemprosesan urus niaga, seperti platform e-dagang, manakala MyISAM sesuai untuk aplikasi bacaan dan bebas transaksi seperti sistem blog.

Di MySQL, fungsi kunci asing adalah untuk mewujudkan hubungan antara jadual dan memastikan konsistensi dan integriti data. Kekunci asing mengekalkan keberkesanan data melalui pemeriksaan integriti rujukan dan operasi cascading. Perhatikan pengoptimuman prestasi dan elakkan kesilapan biasa apabila menggunakannya.

Terdapat empat jenis indeks utama dalam MySQL: Indeks B-Tree, Indeks Hash, Indeks Teks Penuh dan Indeks Spatial. 1. B-Tree Index sesuai untuk pertanyaan, penyortiran dan pengelompokan, dan sesuai untuk penciptaan pada lajur Nama Jadual Pekerja. 2. Indeks hash sesuai untuk pertanyaan yang setara dan sesuai untuk penciptaan pada lajur ID jadual hash_table enjin penyimpanan memori. 3. Indeks teks penuh digunakan untuk carian teks, sesuai untuk penciptaan pada lajur kandungan jadual artikel. 4. Indeks spatial digunakan untuk pertanyaan geospatial, sesuai untuk penciptaan pada lajur geom jadual lokasi.

TOCREATEANINDEXINMYSQL, USETHECreateIndexStatement.1) forasingLecolumn, gunakan "createIndexidx_lastNameonemployees (lastName);" 2) foracompositeIndex, gunakan "createindexidx_nameonemployees (lastName, firstName)

Perbezaan utama antara MySQL dan SQLite adalah konsep reka bentuk dan senario penggunaan: 1. MySQL sesuai untuk aplikasi besar dan penyelesaian peringkat perusahaan, menyokong prestasi tinggi dan kesesuaian yang tinggi; 2. SQLITE sesuai untuk aplikasi mudah alih dan perisian desktop, ringan dan mudah dibenamkan.

Indeks dalam MySQL adalah struktur yang diperintahkan satu atau lebih lajur dalam jadual pangkalan data, yang digunakan untuk mempercepat pengambilan data. 1) Indeks meningkatkan kelajuan pertanyaan dengan mengurangkan jumlah data yang diimbas. 2) Indeks B-Tree menggunakan struktur pokok yang seimbang, yang sesuai untuk pertanyaan dan penyortiran pelbagai. 3) Gunakan pernyataan createIndex untuk membuat indeks, seperti createIndexidx_customer_idonorders (customer_id). 4) Indeks komposit boleh mengoptimumkan pertanyaan berbilang lajur, seperti createIndexidx_customer_orderonorders (customer_id, order_date). 5) Gunakan Jelaskan untuk menganalisis rancangan pertanyaan dan elakkan

Menggunakan transaksi dalam MySQL memastikan konsistensi data. 1) Mulakan transaksi melalui starttransaction, dan kemudian laksanakan operasi SQL dan serahkannya dengan komit atau rollback. 2) Gunakan SavePoint untuk menetapkan titik simpan untuk membolehkan rollback separa. 3) Cadangan Pengoptimuman Prestasi termasuk memendekkan masa urus niaga, mengelakkan pertanyaan berskala besar dan menggunakan tahap pengasingan yang munasabah.


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