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Python中字符串格式化str.format的详细介绍

高洛峰
高洛峰asal
2017-02-20 10:03:431535semak imbas

前言

Python 在 2.6 版本中新加了一个字符串格式化方法: str.format() 。它的基本语法是通过 {} 和 : 来代替以前的 %.。

格式化时的占位符语法:

replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"

“映射”规则

通过位置

str.format() 可以接受不限个参数,位置可以不按顺序:

>>> "{0} {1}".format("hello", "world")
'hello world'
>>> "{} {}".format("hello", "world")
'hello world'
>>> "{1} {0} {1}".format("hello", "world")
'world hello world'

通过关键字参数

使用关键参数时字符串中需要提供参数名:

>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}".format(name="huoty", age=18)
'I am huoty, age is 18'
>>> user = {"name": "huoty", "age": 18}
>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}".format(**user)
'I am huoty, age is 18'

通过对象属性

str.format() 可以直接读取用户属性:

>>> class User(object):
...  def __init__(self, name, age):
...   self.name = name
...   self.age = age
...   
...  def __str__(self):
...   return "{self.name}({self.age})".format(self=self)
...  
...  def __repr__(self):
...   return self.__str__()
...  
...
>>> user = User("huoty", 18)
>>> user
huoty(18)
>>> "I am {user.name}, age is {user.age}".format(user=user)
'I am huoty, age is 18'

通过下标

在需要格式化的字符串内部可以通过下标来访问元素:

>>> names, ages = ["huoty", "esenich", "anan"], [18, 16, 8]
>>> "I am {0[0]}, age is {1[2]}".format(names, ages)
'I am huoty, age is 8'
>>> users = {"names": ["huoty", "esenich", "anan"], "ages": [18, 16, 8]}
>>> "I am {names[0]}, age is {ages[0]}".format(**users)

指定转化

可以指定字符串的转化类型:

 conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"

其中 "!r" 对应 repr(); "!s" 对应 str(); "!a" 对应 ascii()。 示例:

>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2')
"repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"

格式限定符

填充与对齐

填充常跟对齐一起使用。^, 95ec6993dc754240360e28e0de8de30a 分别是居中、左对齐、右对齐,后面带宽度, : 号后面带填充的字符,只能是一个字符,不指定则默认是用空格填充。

>>> "{:>8}".format("181716")
' 181716'
>>> "{:0>8}".format("181716")
'00181716'
>>> "{:->8}".format("181716")
'--181716'
>>> "{:-<8}".format("181716")
&#39;181716--&#39;
>>> "{:-^8}".format("181716")
&#39;-181716-&#39;
>>> "{:-<25}>".format("Here ")
&#39;Here -------------------->&#39;

浮点精度

用 f 表示浮点类型,并可以在其前边加上精度控制:

>>> "[ {:.2f} ]".format(321.33345)
&#39;[ 321.33 ]&#39;
>>> "[ {:.1f} ]".format(321.33345)
&#39;[ 321.3 ]&#39;
>>> "[ {:.4f} ]".format(321.33345)
&#39;[ 321.3335 ]&#39;
>>> "[ {:.4f} ]".format(321)
&#39;[ 321.0000 ]&#39;

还可以为浮点数指定符号,+ 表示在正数前显示 +,负数前显示 -; (空格)表示在正数前加空格,在幅负数前加 -;- 与什么都不加({:f})时一致:

>>> &#39;{:+f}; {:+f}&#39;.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
&#39;+3.141593; -3.141593&#39;
>>> &#39;{: f}; {: f}&#39;.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
&#39; 3.141593; -3.141593&#39;
>>> &#39;{:f}; {:f}&#39;.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
&#39;3.141593; -3.141593&#39;
>>> &#39;{:-f}; {:-f}&#39;.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
&#39;3.141593; -3.141593&#39;
>>> &#39;{:+.4f}; {:+.4f}&#39;.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
&#39;+3.1416; -3.1416&#39;

指定进制

>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(18)
&#39;int: 18; hex: 12; oct: 22; bin: 10010&#39;
>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(18)
&#39;int: 18; hex: 0x12; oct: 0o22; bin: 0b10010&#39;

千位分隔符

可以使用 "," 来作为千位分隔符:

>>> &#39;{:,}&#39;.format(1234567890)
&#39;1,234,567,890&#39;

百分数显示

>>> "progress: {:.2%}".format(19.88/22)
&#39;progress: 90.36%&#39;

事实上,format 还支持更多的类型符号:

type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"

其他技巧

占位符嵌套

某些时候占位符嵌套还是很有用的:

>>> &#39;{0:{fill}{align}16}&#39;.format("hello", fill=&#39;*&#39;, align=&#39;^&#39;)
&#39;*****hello******&#39;
>>>
>>> for num in range(5,12):
...  for base in "dXob":
...   print("{0:{width}{base}}".format(num, base=base, width=5), end=&#39; &#39;)
...  print()
...  
...
 5  5  5 101
 6  6  6 110
 7  7  7 111
 8  8 10 1000
 9  9 11 1001
 10  A 12 1010
 11  B 13 1011

作为函数使用

可以先不指定格式化参数,而是在不要的地方作为函数来调用:

>>> email_f = "Your email address was {email}".format
>>> print(email_f(email="suodhuoty@gmail.com"))
Your email address was sudohuoty@gmail.com

转义大括号

当在字符串中需要使用大括号时可以用大括号转义:

>>> " The {} set is often represented as { {0} } ".format("empty")
&#39; The empty set is often represented as {0} &#39;

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