【译】使用弹性布局写出 10 种常用的 UI 组件_html/css_WEB-ITnose

Flexbox 样式

让我们来看看如何使用 CSS3 的弹性布局写出 10 种常见的 UI 组件。

翻译自 Flexbox Patterns

目录

从 "display: flex" 属性开始

Flexbox CSS 的基础属性就是 display: flex ，只需要给元素添加这个属性，你就用上了弹性布局了。就这么简单！

你也许会问，这个属性起了什么作用？默认情况下，它指定了容器中的子元素沿主轴（main axis）排列，主轴默认是水平方向的。

接下来，我们会用两个实例来介绍这个属性是如何用在我们的 UI 组件的。

步进计数器 Demo

我们要介绍的第一个例子是步进输入框组件。当绑定 JavaScript 代码之后，点击 + / - 号，输入框中的值将会对应增加 / 减少。

译注：此处计数器的实现也可以使用 CSS Counters 来代替 JavaScript，具体例子可以参考 使用 CSS 的 counter-increment 做的游戏 。

按照以往的思路，你可能会选择用 display: inline-block 或者 float: left 来实现这种内联样式。然而，这样做的话，你还需要给这些元素统统添加特定的选择器。让我们使用弹性盒子吧，只需要往容器添加 display: flex 属性，就可以实现相同的效果了。

当你添加这个属性时，相当于对元素说：“嘿伙计，你就负责按照 flexbox 的规则排列你的子元素就好了！”。在最基本的形式下，元素沿主轴（main axis）排列，默认就是 x 轴，从左到右。

CSS 代码

.stepperInput {  /**   * Setting display to flex makes this container lay   * out its children using flexbox. By default, it    * orders items horizontally, top-aligned.   * This has a similar effect to setting the children   * to have display: inline-block.   */  display: flex;}.stepperInput__input {  border-left: 0;  border-right: 0;  width: 60px;  text-align: center;}.button {  cursor: pointer;  padding: 5px 15px;  color: #FFFFFF;  background-color: #4EBBE4;  font-size: 12px;  border: 1px solid #16A2D7;  border-radius: 4px;}.button--addOnLeft {  border-top-right-radius: 0;  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;}.button--addOnRight {  border-top-left-radius: 0;  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;}.input {  border: 1px solid #D7DBDD;  padding: 0 10px;  border-radius: 0;  box-shadow: none;}

HTML 代码

<div class="stepperInput">  <button class="button button--addOnLeft">-</button>  <input type="text" placeholder="Age" value="32" class="input stepperInput__input"/>  <button class="button button--addOnRight">+</button></div>

标签页 Demo

同理，使用 display: flex 也可以实现这种标签页效果。

CSS 代码

.tabs {  /**   * Setting display to flex makes this container lay   * out its children using flexbox, the exact same   * as in the above "Stepper input" example.   */  display: flex;  border-bottom: 1px solid #D7DBDD;}.tab {  cursor: pointer;  padding: 5px 30px;  color: #16A2D7;  font-size: 12px;  border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;}.tab.is-tab-selected {  border-bottom-color: #4EBBE4;}

HTML 代码

<div class="tabs">  <div class="tab is-tab-selected">Tab 1</div>  <div class="tab">Tab 2</div>  <div class="tab">Tab 3</div>  <div class="tab">Tab 4</div></div>

译注：tab 的切换效果可以通过纯 CSS 实现，可以参考 CSS trick for tabs without javascript demo

站点头部 Demo

你可以把这种组件作为网站或者 webapp 的顶部。

要构建这种组件，典型方法是把 logo 和导航按钮包裹在一个容器，设置按钮放在另一个容器中。然后，使用 float 把两个容器方别推向两边。紧接着，你要对整个顶部元素清楚浮动。对于一个简单布局而言，这也太复杂了。

如果使用弹性盒子，你依然需要容器元素，但是你不需要为容器添加特定的样式了，因为 flexbox 已经让父元素来负责布局了。

除开 display: flex 属性外，我们还需要另外两个属性来调整布局：

• justify-content: space-between 让容器左右分开成为了可能。这个属性把 logo 和导航按钮推向了左边，把设置推向了右边。
• align-items: center 讲主轴上的元素垂直居中对齐。这个属性很重要，因为 logo 和导航按钮高度不同，如果不设置该属性，它们默认会对齐上边沿。

.siteHeader {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox, which is horizontal by default.   */  display: flex;  /**   * Make the container put as much space as possible   * between its children, with the children at either   * end laying flush against the container's edges.   */  justify-content: space-between;  padding: 10px;  background-color: #56727C;}.siteHeader__section {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox.   */  display: flex;  /**   * Align the children in the center, along   * the main axis. By default the children will   * align along their top edges.   */  align-items: center;}.siteHeader__item {  padding: 5px 15px;  font-size: 12px;}.siteHeader__item + .siteHeader__item {  margin-left: 5px;}.siteHeader__item.is-site-header-item-selected {  color: #FFFFFF;  background-color: #415F69;  border-radius: 4px;}.siteHeaderLogo {  font-size: 20px;  line-height: 0;  color: white;}.siteHeaderButton {  cursor: pointer;  color: #D9E9EF;}

<div class="siteHeader">  <!-- This section gets pushed to the left side-->  <div class="siteHeader__section">    <div class="siteHeader__item siteHeaderLogo">      <div class="fa fa-inbox"></div>    </div>    <div class="siteHeader__item siteHeaderButton is-site-header-item-selected">Inbox</div>    <div class="siteHeader__item siteHeaderButton">Sent</div>    <div class="siteHeader__item siteHeaderButton">Trash</div>  </div>  <!-- This section gets pushed to the right side-->  <div class="siteHeader__section">    <div class="siteHeader__item siteHeaderButton">Settings</div>  </div></div>

表单底部 Demo

你也许需要在表单底部放个进度圈或者验证反馈。和上面的例子类似，使用弹性盒子可以将这些内容和表单提交按钮分隔开来。

CSS 代码

.formFooter {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox, which is horizontal by default.   */  display: flex;  /**   * Align the children in the center, along   * the main axis, which is horizontal in this case.   */  align-items: center;   /**   * Make the container put as much space as possible   * between its children, with the children at either   * end laying flush against the container's edges.   */  justify-content: space-between;  border-top: 1px solid #D7DBDD;  padding: 10px;}.formFooter__section {  /**   * This container orders items horizontally.   */  display: flex;  /**   * It aligns them vertically in the center.   */  align-items: center;}.formFooter__item + .formFooter__item {  margin-left: 5px;}.formFooterFeedback {  color: #86969C;  font-size: 12px;  line-height: 0;}.formFooterSpinner {  animation: formFooterSpinner 1s infinite steps(8, end);}@keyframes formFooterSpinner {  0%   { transform: rotate(0deg); }  100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }}.button--clear {  color: #16A2D7;  background-color: #FFFFFF;  border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;}

HTML 代码

<div class="formFooter">  <!-- This section gets pushed to the left side-->  <div class="formFooter__section">    <div class="formFooter__item formFooterFeedback">      <div class="fa fa-spinner formFooterSpinner"></div> Saving...    </div>  </div>  <!-- This section gets pushed to the right side-->  <div class="formFooter__section">    <div class="formFooter__item button button--clear">Reset</div>    <div class="formFooter__item button">Save</div>  </div></div>

侧边栏 Demo

这也是一个相当经典的组件。你甚至不需要 flexbox 来构造它，div 就足够了…… 不过，如果设计师让你把其中一个按钮单独拿到下面，你可以用 position: absolute 来处理，当然也可以用 flexbox。

除了 display: flex 和 justify-content: space-between ，我们还需要另一个属性：

• flex-direction: column 会将主轴 (main axis) 从水平方向改为垂直方向。正如你所猜测的那样，现在子元素将会垂直排列了。

CSS 代码

.sideBar {  /**   * This container orders items according to flexbox   * rules. By default, this would arrange its children   * horizontally. However, the next property...   */  display: flex;  /**   * ...sets the main axis to be vertical instead of   * horizontal, so now the children are laid out   * vertically, from top to bottom.   */  flex-direction: column;  /**   * It will also put as much space as possible   * between its children, with the children at either end   * laying flush against the container's edges.   */  justify-content: space-between;  height: 300px;  width: 150px;  border-right: 1px solid #D7DBDD;  background-color: #FCFDFD;  padding: 10px;}.sideBar__item {  cursor: pointer;  padding: 5px 10px;  color: #16A2D7;  font-size: 12px;}.sideBar__item.is-side-bar-item-selected {  background-color: #EEF3F5;  border-radius: 4px;}

HTML 代码

<div class="sideBar">  <!-- This section gets pushed to the top-->  <div class="sideBar__section">    <div class="sideBar__item is-side-bar-item-selected">Inbox</div>    <div class="sideBar__item">Contacts</div>    <div class="sideBar__item">Account</div>  </div>  <!-- This section gets pushed to the bottom-->  <div class="sideBar__section">    <div class="sideBar__item">Legal</div>  </div></div>

居中提示 Demo

不使用 flexbox 的居中布局通常需要一些 hack 技巧，比如使用绝对布局然后通过 2D transform 平移。使用 flexbox，你只需要在容器元素设置 4 个属性：

• display: flex
• flex-direction: column
• align-items: center 设置或检索弹性盒子元素在侧轴（纵轴）方向上的对齐方式。在这里和设置 text-align: center 的效果有点类似。
• justify-content: center 子元素向主轴中心紧挨靠拢。

CSS 代码

.centeredPrompt {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox.   */  display: flex;  /**   * Rotate the main axis so that the children   * are laid out vertically, the same as in the   * above "Side bar" example.   */  flex-direction: column;  /**   * Align the children in the center, along   * the main axis. Because the direction is   * "column" this has a similar effect as setting   * text-align: center.   */  align-items: center;  /**   * Instead of pushing the children apart, as in   * previous examples, we will group them together   * in the center of their container.   */  justify-content: center;  min-height: 300px;  padding: 10px;}.centeredPrompt__item + .centeredPrompt__item {  margin-top: 5px;}.centeredPromptIcon {  font-size: 60px;  line-height: 0;}.centeredPromptLabel {  color: #86969C;  font-size: 30px;  font-weight: 700;  text-align: center;}.centeredPromptDetails {  color: #86969C;  font-size: 16px;  margin-bottom: 10px;  text-align: center;}.icon {  color: #BCD2DA;}

HTML 代码

<div class="centeredPrompt">  <div class="centeredPrompt__item centeredPromptIcon">    <div class="icon fa fa-smile-o"></div>  </div>  <div class="centeredPrompt__item centeredPromptLabel">Welcome to the app!</div>  <div class="centeredPrompt__item centeredPromptDetails">Thanks for signing up. Let’s take a look around.</div>  <div class="centeredPrompt__item button">Begin tour</div></div>

居中图标 Demo

使用同样的方法，我们还可以居中更多东西，比如图标。

CSS 代码

.centeredIcon {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox.   */  display: flex;  /**   * As in the above "Centered prmopt" example,   * we'll rotate the main axis so that the children   * are ordered vertically.   */  flex-direction: column;  /**   * And just like in that example, align the children   * in the center, along the main axis.   */  align-items: center;  /**   * Same thing here as before: group the children   * together in the center of their container.   */  justify-content: center;  border: 1px solid #D7DBDD;  font-size: 40px;  width: 90px;  height: 90px;  border-radius: 100%;  box-shadow:    0 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05),    0 2px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05),    0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);}

HTML 代码

<div class="centeredIcon">  <div class="icon fa fa-phone"></div></div>

功能列表 Demo

在这个列表中，其中一行是反向排列的，实现方法很简单，只需要添加一个 flexbox 属性：

flex-direction: row-reverse 把容器中的子元素按照 HTML 中的顺序反向排列。

CSS 代码

.featureListItem {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox, which is horizontal by default.   */  display: flex;  /**   * Align the children in the center, along   * the main axis, which is horizontal in this case.   */  align-items: center;  max-width: 400px;  padding: 10px;}.featureListItem + .featureListItem {  border-top: 1px solid #D7DBDD;}.featureListItem--reverse {  /**   * We can specify the flex-direction so that   * the children elements are displayed in the   * reverse order of how they appear in the   * markup.   */  flex-direction: row-reverse;}.featureListItem__icon,.featureListItem__description {  padding: 5px 15px;}.featureListItem__icon {  font-size: 50px;  line-height: 0;}.featureListItem__description {  color: #86969C;  font-size: 12px;}

HTML 代码

<div class="featureListItem">  <div class="featureListItem__icon">    <div class="icon fa fa-calendar"></div>  </div>  <div class="featureListItem__description">The calendar feature makes scheduling a snap.</div></div><div class="featureListItem featureListItem--reverse">  <div class="featureListItem__icon">    <div class="icon fa fa-dashboard"></div>  </div>  <div class="featureListItem__description">Our dashboard gives you a bird’s-eye-view-at-a-glance-on-the-go.</div></div><div class="featureListItem">  <div class="featureListItem__icon">    <div class="icon fa fa-envelope"></div>  </div>  <div class="featureListItem__description">You can get notified by email or SMS.</div></div>

卡片 Demo

接下来复习一下，这个卡片的组件用到了此前提到的属性。

• display: flex
• flex-direction: column
• align-items: center
• justify-content: center

这里没什么新的知识点，但是为我们接下来要介绍的卡片组做了铺垫。

CSS 代码

.card {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox, which is horizontal by default.   */  display: flex;  /**   * Rotate the main axis so that the children   * are laid out vertically.   */  flex-direction: column;  border: 1px solid #CAD0D2;  border-radius: 4px;  overflow: hidden;}.card__description {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox.   */  display: flex;  /**   * We're going to lay out this element's children   * just like in the "Centered prompt" example.   * First we'll rotate the main axis so that the    * children are laid out vertically.   */  flex-direction: column;  /**   * Just like in the "Centered prompt" example,   * we'll align the children in the center, along   * the main axis.   */  align-items: center;  /**   * And just like in the "Centered prompt", we'll   * group the children in the center of their   * container.   */  justify-content: center;  padding: 15px;}.card__descriptionIcon {  font-size: 32px;  margin-bottom: 10px;}.card__descriptionText {  color: #57727C;  font-size: 12px;  text-align: center;}.card__price {  text-align: center;  color: #57727C;  font-size: 12px;  font-weight: 700;  padding: 5px 15px;  border-top: 1px solid #D7DBDD;  background-color: #EEF3F5;}.card--fixedWidth {  max-width: 120px;}

HTML 代码

<div class="card card--fixedWidth">  <div class="card__description">    <div class="icon fa fa-flask card__descriptionIcon"></div>    <div class="card__descriptionText">Science potion</div>  </div>  <div class="card__price">Costs $5</div></div>

卡片组 Demo

现在我们来学习最后一个 “卡片组” 组件。我们需要考虑两个麻烦的地方：

1. 我们想要每个卡片的宽度相等，但是里面包含的内容多少可能各不相同。
2. 我们想要所有的卡片注释高度相等，同样，每张卡片的注释长度也不相等。

不适用 flexbox，你可能会想到使用 table 元素来实现这些需求，或者对所有元素使用绝对布局，并组合使用百分比、像素和 calc() 来实现。这样也太复杂了。

使用弹性盒子，整个问题的解决方案就变得优雅多了。这里我们引入一个新的属性，但是和之前我们提到的属性不同，这个属性应用在 子元素 而不是容器。

我们为每张卡片设置 flex: 1 1 0 ，使得每张卡片的宽度相等。这个属性是以下三个属性的简写方法：

• flex-grow: 1 设置或检索弹性盒的扩展比率。默认值为 0，我们设置为 1，此时卡片会尽可能扩展以填充容器。
• flex-shrink: 1 设置或检索弹性盒的收缩比率。默认值为 1。我们设置为 1，此时卡片会尽可能收缩以适应容器。
• flex-basis: 0 设置或检索弹性盒伸缩基准值。设置为 0 的时候，其大小仅由容器的大小所决定。

这些属性满足了第一点要求。对于我们的第二个要求，我们可以对 flex 属性稍作调整，改成 flex: 1 1 auto 。

• flex-basis: auto 导致卡片注释的高度自适应，意思就是最长的注释框拥有最大的高度。由于注释同时拥有 flex-grow: 1 属性，因此较短注释的卡片会自动伸长来适配容器高度。

.cardGroup {  /**   * Lay out the children of this container with   * flexbox, which is horizontal by default.   */  display: flex;  border: 1px solid #CAD0D2;  border-radius: 4px;  overflow: hidden;}.cardGroup__card {  /**   * The flex property is a short-hand for setting   * the flex-shrink, flex-grow, and flex-basis   * properties. These properties control how the   * element resizes to fill its container.   *   * We'll also set flex-grow to 1 so that it   * will expand to fill its container. (The   * default value is 0.)   *   * We'll set flex-shrink to 1 so that the element   * will shrink as its container gets smaller.   * (The default value is 1.)   *   * Last, we set flex-basis to 0 so that its   * size is solely determined by the size of   * the container. (The default value   * is auto, which would cause the content's   * size to also be a factor in this calculation.)   *   * The net result of these properties is that the   * element is a fluid size, and will expand and   * shrink with its container and siblings, but   * they will all have the same size, even if they   * have different amounts of content.   */  flex: 1 1 0;  border: none;  border-radius: 0;}.cardGroup__card + .cardGroup__card {  border-left: 1px solid #D7DBDD;}.cardGroup__cardDescription {  /**   * We're doing almost the exact same thing here as   * we did above. The difference is that its   * flex-basis is auto, so now the size of its content   * will affect how large it is.   */  flex: 1 1 auto;}

<div class="cardGroup">  <div class="card cardGroup__card">    <div class="card__description cardGroup__cardDescription">      <div class="icon fa fa-thumbs-o-up card__descriptionIcon"></div>      <div class="card__descriptionText">Trial</div>    </div>    <div class="card__price">Free!</div>  </div>  <div class="card cardGroup__card">    <div class="card__description cardGroup__cardDescription">      <div class="icon fa fa-trophy card__descriptionIcon"></div>      <div class="card__descriptionText">Basic tier<br/>(most popular)</div>    </div>    <div class="card__price">$10.00</div>  </div>  <div class="card cardGroup__card">    <div class="card__description cardGroup__cardDescription">      <div class="icon fa fa-bolt card__descriptionIcon"></div>      <div class="card__descriptionText">Advanced tier<br/>(only for enterprise-level professionals)</div>    </div>    <div class="card__price">$6,000.00</div>  </div></div>