一步一步学习PHP(3) php 函数

1. 方法概述

首先，写一个最简单的函数，大家看一眼就可以了：

<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">html</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
<</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">head</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
  <</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">title</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">></SPAN>HelloPHP<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"></</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">title</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
</</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">head</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
<</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">body</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
  <?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">function CustomPrint</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>)
    {
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">for</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">i</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=0;$i</SPAN><5;$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">i</SPAN>++)
      {
        <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>);
        <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'<br/>'</SPAN>);
      }
    }
    
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"Hello"</SPAN>);
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?>
</</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">body</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
</</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">html</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
</SPAN>

通过这个例子，相信大家都了解了PHP中函数的大致写法，至于语法上，和其他类C语言差别不大，也都是while,for,if等，至于其他不同之处，会在之后的文章中，逐渐来说。

OK，那我来总结一下，这个方法的要点：

A. PHP的方法用function来声明，这一点类似于我们熟悉的Javascript.

B. 在使用变量必须要以美元符($)来开头。

2. 参数的引用传递和值传递

参数的值传递和引用传递，相信每个人在学习C语言时都接触到了，在此用C#来写例子：

<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>Swap(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>a, <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>b)
{
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>temp = a;
  a = b;
  b = temp;
}
<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>Swap(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">ref int </SPAN>a, <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">ref int </SPAN>b)
{
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>temp = a;
  a = b;
  b = temp;
}

那在这里就写一个PHP版本。

  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">function Swap1</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>)
    {
      $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">temp</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$a;
      </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$b;
      </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$temp;
    </SPAN>}
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function Swap2</SPAN>(&$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,&$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>)
    {
      $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">temp</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$a;
      </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$b;
      </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$temp;
    </SPAN>}
    
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function CustomPrint</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>)
    {
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>);
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"<br/>"</SPAN>);  
    }
    
    $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1;
    </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=2;
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">Swap1</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"值传递的结果:"</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$b='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>);
    $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1;
    </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=2;
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">Swap2</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"引用传递的结果:"</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$b='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>);
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?>
</SPAN>

在这个例子中：有两点我需要说明：

A. 值传递和引用传递的区别在于在参数前的“&”.

B. CustomPrint('$a='.$a);在这句中，需要特殊说明一下单引号和双引号的区别，他们之间只有一个区别，就是能否解析变量名，这个例子就足够说明问题了：

  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php 
    </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1;
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"$a"</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"<br/>"</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a'</SPAN>);
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?>
</SPAN>

 

 

最后，说下关于性能的问题，在按值传递时，PHP需要进行复制，然后再传递，这样如果那些大对象或者字符串的话，就会不仅仅耗费时间，而且对空间也是一种浪费。这时，如果进行引用传递，就免去了耗费性能的复制操作。对性能提高很有好处。

3. 作用域问题

在C#中，由于变量在使用之前必须声明，因此会涉及到一个作用域和子作用域的概念，而在PHP中则没有这样的概念。

我们来看一段C#代码：

<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public class </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #2b91af">Student
</SPAN>{
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">private string </SPAN>name;
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>SayHello()
  {
    <SPAN style="COLOR: #2b91af">HttpContext</SPAN>.Current.Response.Write(<SPAN style="COLOR: #a31515">"Hello,I am " </SPAN>+ name);
  }
}

也就是说，在方法内可以访问外部类声明的变量，但是在PHP中则不一样：

  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php 
    </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">name</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">="kym"</SPAN>;
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function SayHello</SPAN>()
    {
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: red">isset</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">name</SPAN>))
      {
        <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"Hello $name"</SPAN>);  
      }
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">else
      </SPAN>{
        <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$name is undefined'</SPAN>);
      }
    }
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">SayHello</SPAN>();
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?>
</SPAN>

这里说明一个函数“isset”,这个函数可以检测一个变量是否被定义，或者是否是空字符串。

那么这个结果说明，在函数体内，无法访问到外部变量$name。

在这里在多提一点：一个与unset对应的函数：unset。该函数用于移除一个变量的值。

写个简单的例子：

<SPAN style="COLOR: red"><?php 
  </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>=<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"kym"</SPAN>;
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">isset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>))
  {
    <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"Yes"</SPAN>);
  }
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">else
  </SPAN>{
    <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"No"</SPAN>);
  }
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">unset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>);
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">isset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>))
  {
    <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"Yes"</SPAN>);
  }
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">else
  </SPAN>{
    <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"No"</SPAN>);
  }
<SPAN style="COLOR: red">?></SPAN>

 

关于这些会在之后的垃圾回收里详细提及。